Masking strategies to avoid the boar taint in meat products

Surgery to castrate male pigs can be substituted by the manufacture of "entire males". However, the meat of whole male animals may have an unpleasant sexual odor, i.e. - boar taint. The purpose of this paper was to demonstrate how to use masking techniques on meat that has a noticeable boar taint during the processing stage. Smoke has frequently been implicated as a method for hiding boar taint in many types of meat products. Meat items may be smoked naturally using a traditional method or artificially using liquid smoke. Another method for hiding the boar taint in meat products is the addition of spices. Strong-smelling spices, such as paprika, chili, oregano, thyme, rosemary, mint, and cinnamon, can help to mask the stench of swine taint. Also, the use of essential oils in conjunction with spices and herbal extracts helps to mask the boar taint in meat products. Moreover, some of the recent publications focused on the investigation of yeast inoculation as a method for hiding boar taint

Mineral contents in pork and edible offal from indigenous pigs

Meat is one of the most nutritious foods that humans can consume, and is defined as the flesh (skeletal muscles) of animals used as food. In addition to protein and fat, meat is a significant source of several micronutrients (minerals and vitamins). Edible offal is also a form of meat which is used as food, but which is not skeletal muscles, and in general possesses higher contents of some micronutrients, especially minerals and vitamins, than muscular tissue. Minerals are the inorganic elements other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which remain behind in the ash when food is incinerated. They are usually divided into two groups – macrominerals (main elements) and microminerals (trace elements) or into three groups – main elements (macrominerals), trace elements (microminerals) and ultra-trace elements. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the existing literature on the content of nine most abundant minerals (potassium, phosphorous, sodium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, iron, copper and manganese) in the major raw pork meat cuts (tenderloin, ham, loin and shoulder) and edible offal (tongue, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, brain and spinal cord) from indigenous pigs. The mineral levels in raw pork meat and pig edible offal are variable, ranging from 175.7 to 463.8 mg/100g for potassium; 159 to 502.0 mg/100g for phosphorous; 38.11 to 158.4 mg/100g for sodium; 8.3 to 28.5 mg/100g for magnesium; 4.61 to 26.02 mg/100g for calcium; 0.67 to 6.47 mg/100g for zinc; 0.55 to 45.59 mg/100g for iron; 0.10 to 0.825 mg/100g for copper; and from 0.0038 to 0.338 mg/100g for manganese. Keywords: minerals, pork, edible offal, indigenous pig

Sadržaj makrominerala u M. semimembranosus i M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum pet čistih rasa svinja ogdajanih u Vojvodini

The contents of phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium were investigated in the M. semimembranosus (SM) and M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) from Large White, Landrace, Duroc, Hampshire and Pietrain pigs, produced in Vojvodina. Phosphorous was determined by the standard spectrophotometric method. Metals were determined by the flame atomic absorption spectrometry after mineralization of samples by dry ashing. The differences in the content of all investigated macro minerals in the SM muscles and in the LTL muscles among the five purebred pigs were not significant (P>0.05). The type of the muscles had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the macro mineral content, except on P (P=0.011) content for Landrace, and on K (P=0.026) and Mg (P=0.019) content for Large White. The Vojvodian pork showed slightly higher Ca content and slightly lower K content compared with the values found in other countries.Glavni izvori varijabilnosti nutritivnog sastava mesa su velika raznolikost zemljišta i klimatskih uslova (geografska varijabilnost), sezona, fiziološko stanje i starost životinje, kao i vrsta i rasa. U komercijalnoj proizvodnji mesa u Vojvodini dominantno se koristi pet čistih rasa svinja (Velika Bela, Landras, Durok, Hempšir i Pietren) i njihovi hibridi. Nutritivni faktori kvaliteta mesa uključuju: proteine i njihov sastav, masti i njihov sastav, vitamine, minerale, iskorišćenje, svarljivost i biološku vrednost. Minerali su obično podeljeni u dve grupe - makrominerali (kalcijum, magnezijum, fosfor, kalijum, natrijum, sumpor) i mikrominerali (hrom, kobalt, bakar, jod, gvožđe, mangan, molibden, selen, zink). M. semimembranosus (SM) i M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) su dva ekonomski najznačajnija mišića na trupu svinja. Sadržaj fosfora, kalijuma, natrijuma, magnezijuma i kalcijuma je ispitan u SM i LTL mišićima svinja Velika Bela, Landras, Durok, Hempšir i Pietren, koje su odgajane u Vojvodini. Fosfor je određen standardnom spektrofotometrijskom metodom. Metali su određeni plamenom atomskom apsorpcionom spektrometrijom nakon suvog spaljivanja uzoraka. Razlike u sadržajima svih ispitanih makrominerala u mišićima SM kao i u mišićima LTL između pet čistih rasa svinja nisu bile značajne (P>0,05). Tip mišića nema značajan (P>0,05) uticaj na sadržaj makrominerala, osim na sadržaj P (P=0,011) kod svinja rase Landras i na sadržaj K (P=0,026) i Mg (P=0,019) kod svinja rase Velika Bela. Svinjsko meso proizvedeno u Vojvodini pokazuje nešto veći sadržaj Ca i nešto manji sadržaj K u poređenju sa sadržajima utvrđenim u drugim zemljama

Cadmium levels of edible offal from Saanen goat male kids

Concentration of cadmium was investigated in the heart, tongue, lungs, spleen, liver, kidney, testis, brain and thymus of 15 Saanen goat male kids. This element was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), after microwave digestion. The cadmium concentration was significantly influenced by the type of edible offal. Mean cadmium concentrations ranged from 0.018 mg/kg (heart) to 0.114 mg/kg (kidney). The maximum cadmium concentrations found in the kidney (0.133 mg/kg) and liver (0.075 mg/kg) were below maximum levels (1.0 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively) set by legislation for these tissues

Boja i mramoriranost M. semimembranosus i M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum pet čistih rasa svinja odgajanih u Vojvodini

Sensory evaluation of colour and marbling of M. semimembranosus (SM) and M.   longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) from five purebred pigs produced in   Vojvodina (Large White, Landrace, Duroc, Hampshire and Pietrain) was   performed. Colour was evaluated by the panellists with 6-point colour score   cards (1-pale pinkish-gray to white; 6-dark purplish-red). Marbling was   evaluated by the panellists with7-point marbling score cards (1-devoid,   6-moderate/10-abundant).The differences in the colour and in the marbling of   the SM muscles and of the LTL muscles among the five purebred pigs were not   significant (P>0.05). A darker colour was obtained for SM muscles than for   LTL muscles for all five purebred pigs, with a significant differences for   Durok (P=0.018) and Pietrain (P=0.002). The type of the muscles had no   significant effect on marbling (P>0.05). The Vojvodian pork meat showed   lighter colour than optimum for pork. According to average marbling scores   fat content in pork produced in Vojvodina was less than 2 %.Senzorski kvalitet mesa se smatra jednim od najvažnijih faktora kvaliteta jer   utiče na odluku za ponovnu kupovinu od strane potrošača. M. semimembranosus   (SM) i M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) su dva ekonomski   najznačajnija mišića na trupu svinja. Boja i mramoriranost su ispitivani na   SM i LTL mišićima svinja rasa: Velika Bela (n=118), Landras (n=116), Durok   (n=112), Hempšir (n=112) i Pietren (n=121), odgajanih u Vojvodini. Uzorci za   određivanje boje i mramoriranosti uzeti su iz centralnog dela svakog mišića   (tri odreska), upravno na dužu osu mišića; minimalna debljina uzoraka bila   je 2,5 cm. Boja je ocenjena korišćenjem skale u boji (karti) od 1 do 6   (1-bledo-ružičasto-siva do bela; 6-tamno purpurno-crvena). Mramoriranost je   ocenjena korišćenjem skale u boji (karti) od 1 do 6 (10) (1-bez   mramoriranosti; 6-umerena/10-oblina). Razlike u boji i mramoriranosti mišića   SM kao i mišića LTL između pet čistih rasa svinja nisu bile značajne   (P>0,05). Tamnija boja mišića SM u odnosu na mišiće LTL utvrđena je kod svih   pet čistih rasa svinja, sa značajnom razlikom kod Duroka (P=0,018) i   Pietrena (P=0,002). Ukupno, boja mišića SM i LTLje ocenjena prosečnim   ocenama 2,48 i 2,19, redom, sa značajnom razlikom (P lt 0,001). Tip mišića nije   imao značajan uticaj na mramoriranost (P>0,05). Ukupno, mramoriranost mišića   SM i LTL je ocenjena prose;nim ocenama 1,78 i 1,6, redom. Svinjsko meso   proizvedeno u Vojvodini ima svetliju boju od optimalne. Na osnovu prosečnih   ocena za mramoriranost može se zaključiti da je sadržaj masti u svinjskom   mesu proizvedenom u Vojvodini manji od 2%. PR Research was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia, project No TR31032. These results are part of the project No 114-451-1016/2014 which is financially supported by the Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia

Cadmium in liver and kidneys of domestic Balkan and Alpine dairy goat breeds from Montenegro and Serbia

Concentrations of cadmium (Cd) were determined in the samples of 144 animals around 1 and of 144 animals around 4years old. Cd was analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), after microwave digestion. Cd concentrations were higher (p lt 0.05) in kidney than in liver and higher (p lt 0.05) in older animals than in young ones. In domestic Balkan goat which was raised in a free-ranged system Cd accumulation was lower (p lt 0.05) than in Alpine goat raised in an intensive production system. Geographic region did influence Cd accumulation only in older animals. Higher Cd levels (p lt 0.05) were determined in goats from Serbia. The highest obtained Cd concentrations in both tissues were lower than maximum levels set by European and national legislation for ruminants (cattle and sheep).This is the peer-reviewed version of the following article: Tomović, V.; Jokanović, M.; Tomović, M.; Lazović, M.; Šojić, B.; Škaljac, S.; Ivić, M.; Kocić-Tanackov, S.; Tomašević, I.; Martinović, A. Cadmium in Liver and Kidneys of Domestic Balkan and Alpine Dairy Goat Breeds from Montenegro and Serbia. Food Additives & Contaminants Part B-Surveillance 2017, 10 (2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2017.1282987

Ultimate pH, colour characteristics and proximate and mineral composition of edible organs, glands and kidney fat from Saanen goat male kids

Ultimate pH value and instrumental colour (CIEL*a*b* values) characteristics, proximate (moisture, protein, total fat and total ash) and mineral composition (K, P, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ni and Mn) were determined in 10 (heart, tongue, lungs, spleen, liver, kidney, brain, testicle, thymus and kidney fat) edible by-products of Saanen goat male kids. Many significant or numerical differences were found in the mean values of quality characteristics among the edible by-products. Among edible organs and glands, liver had the lowest surface CIEL* value (darkest colour), and the highest levels of protein, Zn, Cu and Mn. Furthermore, the highest pH(24h), total ash, K, P and Mg levels were determined in the thymus. The testicle had the highest moisture, Ca and Ni levels. The spleen had the lowest fresh cut cross-section CIEL* value (darkest colour), and the highest Fe level. The highest total fat content and Na level were determined in the brain and kidney, respectively. Among all the edible by-products, kidney fat had the highest pH(24h), surface CIEL* value (lightest colour) and total fat content, and the lowest moisture, protein, total ash, K, P, Na, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ni and Mn levels

The Effect of Cantharellus Cibarius Addition on Quality Characteristics of Frankfurter during Refrigerated Storage

The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Cantharellus cibarius decoction and the effect of mushroom addition on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of frankfurters during refrigerated storage were studied. Mushroom addition significantly reduced (p lt 0.05) the formation of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria during storage. Regarding the texture, there was no negative effect in frankfurters with the mushroom added, compared to the control group of sausages. Generally, C. cibarius can be used as a natural ingredient in order to prevent the growth of microorganisms in cooked pork sausages, causing an extension in shelf life during chilled storage

The effect of coriander essential oil on the oxidative stability of cooked pork sausages

The effect of coriander essential oil (CEO) at concentrations of 0.075-0.150 µL/g on lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-TBARS method) and flavor of cooked pork sausages was investigated. CEO addition caused a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease of TBARS values compared with the control, which can probably be accredited to the antioxidant potential of coriander essential oil. The addition of CEO in concentrations of 0.100 µL/g and 0.125 µL/g produced only slight differences in flavor. However, slight/moderate flavor differences were observed for sausages produced with 0.150 µL/g of CEO compared to the control ones. Hence, the obtained results showed that the addition of CEO in concentrations of 0.075-0.125 µL/g had no negative impact on the sensory properties of cooked pork sausages. Therefore, the results of this paper revealed the significant antioxidant activity of CEO, and consequently its high potential for utilization in the processing of cooked pork sausages. These results are encouraging with respect to an increasing demand for the use of essential oils as alternatives for synthetic antioxidants in meat processing

Effect of Packaging Methods and Storage Time on Oxidative Stability of Traditional Fermented Sausage

In this paper influence of packaging method (vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging) on lipid oxidative stability and sensory properties of odor and taste of the traditional sausage Petrovská klobása were examined. These parameters were examined during storage period (7 months). In the end of storage period, vacuum packed sausage showed better oxidative stability. Propanal content was significantly lower (P<0.05) in vacuum packed sausage compared to these values in unpacked and modified atmosphere packaging sausage. Hexanal content in vacuum packed sausage was 1.85 µg/g, in MAP sausage 2.98 µg/g and in unpacked sausage 4.94 µg/g. After 2 and 7 months of storage, sausages packed in vacuum had the highest grades for sensory properties of odor and taste