Soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus distribution in grassland systems, important for landscape and environment

The accumulation of organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soils of protected areas and agrarian lands in Central Lithuania was assessed. Wood pasture is recognised as an important but now scarce element of the historic environment still evident in the current landscape. Soil pH was lower in the surviving wood pasture compared to the pasture under restoration, and pH of the old semi-natural pasture and organically grown legume sward soils was close to neutral. The highest SOC content was accumulated in the meadows of pre-mainland section of floodplain of the Nevėžis. It was more than 5 times as high as that in agrarian land grown with swards, and higher than that accumulated in semi-natural pasture and wood pasture. Soils of the protected areas of pre-mainland section were characterized by the largest amount of N. Soils of semi-natural pasture, affected by agricultural management, and meadows of pre-mainland section were found to be the highest in the total P content. Due to the differences in agricultural management, diverse plant communities are developing in the central section of floodplain of the middle reaches of the Nevėžis

Improving Winter Wheat Yields In Organic Farming Systems Through Innovations In Green Manure Management

The paper presents effect of perennial grasses (Trifolium pratense L., Medicago sativa L., xFestulolium) and their aboveground mass management methods (removed from the field, mixed, mulching) as preceding crops on Ninorg in the soil as well as on yield of winter wheat under conditions of ecological farming. Field experiments were carried out at the Joniškėlis Research Station of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (LIA) on an Gleyic Cambisol. Experimental evidence indicated that content of symbiotically fixed nitrogen in the biomass of legumes accounted for the largest share (61–84 %) of the total nitrogen content (208.0–298.0 kg ha- 1), accumulated in the biomass. Winter wheat grain yield significantly (r = 0.783; P 0.05) correlated with soil inorganic nitrogen content in spring. Grain yield productivity increased by 0.01 t ha-1 after incorporation of 1 kg ha-1 nitrogen of legume crops biomass

Application of environmental protection measures for clay loam Cambisol used for agricultural purposes / Aplinkosaugos priemonių taikymas agrarinés paskirties sunkaus priemolio rudžemiuose /

Field experiments were done at the Joniškėlis Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (LIA) during 2004–2006. The experiments were done on a productive clay loam Gleyic Cambisol used for agricultural production and were designed to estimate the effects of various catch crops—red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) mixture with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLamk.) and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) biomass and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw incorporated into the soil on the composition of humus. In the first year, incorporation of only catch crops biomass or together with straw increased the content of mobile humic acids (CHA1) by 10.7–28.0% compared with that before trial establishment. With increasing mobile humic acids content the contents of aggressive and free fulvic acids increased too (r = 0.80, p < 0.01; r = 0.85, p < 0.01, respectively). Conditionally stable humic acids fractions (CHA2, CHA3) formed more intensively in the second year of effects of the measures applied. The biomass of Fabaceae family plants incorporated alone or together with straw tended to increase the content of calcium-bound humic acids (CHA2). Having incorporated catch crops biomass together with straw, the fraction of humic acids CHA3 tended to increase or was the same as that before trial establishment. A slight reduction in the total amount of fulvic acids and an increase in the content of humic acids, compared with the levels before the trial establishment determined positive changes in the main indicators of humus quality—CHA : CFAratio and humification rate; they were the most distinct having incorporated red clover phytomass together with straw. Incorporation of mineral nitrogen fertilizer N45 together with straw increased soil organic matter mineralization rate and determined a reduction in humic acids content. Santrauka Lietuvos žemdirbystės instituto (LŽI) Joniškėlio bandymų stotyje 2004–2006 m. atlikti tyrimai, kurių tikslas buvo nustatyti našiame agrarinės paskirties sunkaus priemolio glėjiškame rudžemyje (Endocalcari-Endohypogleic Cambisol, CM-n-w-can) tarpiniuose pasėliuose augintų įvairių biologinių rūšių augalų – raudonųjų dobilų (Trifolium pratense L.), baltųjų dobilų (Trifolium repens L.) mišinio su gausiažiedėmis svidrėmis (Lolium multiflorum Lamk.) bei baltųjų garstyčių (Sinapis alba L.) biomasės ir paprastųjų kviečių (Triticum aestivum L.) šiaudų, įterptų į dirvožemį, įtaką humuso kokybei. Įterpus vien tarpiniųpasėlių biomasę ar kartu su šiaudais, pirmaisiais metais judriųjųhuminiųrūgščių (CHR1) kiekis, palyginti su buvusiu prieš bandymą, padidėjo 0,024–0,061 % C. Didėjant judriųjų huminių rūgščių kiekiui, didėjo ir agresyviųjų bei laisvųjų fulvinių rūgščių kiekis (atitinkamai r = 0,80, p > 0,01; r = 0,85, p > 0,01). Santykinai patvarios huminių rūgščių (CHR2, CHR3) frakcijos intensyviau formavosi antraisiais taikytų priemonių poveikio metais. Pupinių šeimos augalų biomasė, įterpta viena ar su šiaudais, didino huminių rūgščių junginio su kalciu (CHR2) kiekį. Įterpus tarpiniųpasėlių biomasę kartu su šiaudais, huminių rūgščių CHR3 frakcija tendencingai didėjo ar prilygo buvusiai prieš bandymą. Suminio fulvinių rūgščių kiekio nežymus sumažėjimas ir huminių rūgščių kiekio padidėjimas, palyginti su duomenimisprieš bandymą, lėmė teigiamus pagrindinių humuso kokybės rodiklių – CHR:CFR santykio ir humifikacijos laipsnio pokyčius; jie ryškiausi buvo į dirvožemį įterpus raudonųjų dobilų fitomasės kartu su šiaudais. Patręšus mineralinėmis azototrąšomis N45 kartu su šiaudais, didėjo dirvožemio organinių medžiagų mineralizacijos intensyvumas ir sumažėjo huminiųrūgščių. Резюме В 2004–2006 гг. на Йонишкельской станции Литовского института земледелия (ЛИЗ) проводились исследования,целью которых было определить влияние биомассы выращиваемых в промежуточных посевах культур – клевера красного (Trifolium pratense L.), смеси клевера белого (Trifolium repens L.) и райграса однолетнего (Lolium multiflorum Lamk.), горчицы белой (Sinapis alba L.) и соломы пшеницы обыкновенной (Triticum aestivum L.) накачественный состав гумуса тяжелосуглинистого бурозема. Внесение в почву биомассы промежуточных культурили внесение их совместно с соломой пшеницы в первый год увеличило количество подвижных гуминовыхкислот (CГК1) на 10,7–28,0% по сравнению с их исходным количеством перед закладкой опыта. С увеличениемколичества подвижных CГК1 увеличивалось также количество фракций «агрессивных» и свободных фульвокислот (соответственно r = 0,80, p < 0,01; r = 0,85, p < 0,01).Относительно стабильные фракции гуминовых кислот (CГК2 иCГК3) интенсивнее формировались на второй год после действия исследуемых агротехнических приемов.Внесение биомассы бобовых культур в сочетании с соломой или без нее увеличило количество связанных скальцием гуминовых кислот (CГК2). При внесении биомассы промежуточных растений совместно с соломой формирование CГК3 увеличивалось и было аналогично их количеству перед закладкой опыта. Незначительноеснижение содержания в почве фульвокислот и увеличение количества гуминовых кислот, по сравнению сначальным уровнем до закладки опыта, определило положительные изменения основных показателей качествагумуса – соотношения CГК:CФК и степени гумификации. Более значительными они были при внесении фитомассыклевера красного совместно с соломой. Внесение минерального азота (N45) вместе с соломой увеличивалоинтенсивность минерализации органического вещества почвы и снижало количество гуминовых кислот. Reikšminiai žodžiai: glėjiškas rudžemis, tarpiniai pasėliai, šiaudai, huminės ir fulvinės rūgštys Ключевые слова: глееватый бурозем, промежуточные посевы, солома, гуминовые и фульвокислот

Environmental and agronomic factors influencing quality of ecologic wheat grain

The aim of the research carried out at Joniškėlis Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research centre for Agriculture and Forest in 2007–2008 was to define environmental and agronomic factors influencing ecologic wheat growing in northern Lithuania. It has been established that ecological farms with a scarce variety of plants prevail in northern Lithuania. These are the territories with cereal crops dominating. Therefore, it is difficult to orient the production towards the closed cycle of the circulation of nutrients, to cultivate ecological wheat grains with very good technological (nutritional) properties due to the lack of nitrogen. Application of the biological nitrogen of legume grasses in ecological crop rotation allows to increase the yield of winter crops by 2.62–2.92 t ha’, if compared to cases when the preceding crop is cereal crop. According to statistical analysis, wheat cereal productivity increased by 0.01 t ha-1 after incorporation of 1kg ha-1 nitrogen of legume crops biomass

Paprastojo kiečio (Artemisia vulgaris L.) bei geltonžiedžio legėsto (Silphium perfoliatum L.) biomasės ir energinis produktyvumas balkšvažemyje

Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro Vėžaičių filiale, Vakarų Lietuvoje, atlikti stambiastiebių žolinių energinių augalų - paprastojo kiečio (Artemisia vulgaris L.) ir geltonžiedžio legėsto (Silphium perfoliatum L.) - tyrimai. Tyrimų vieta - natūraliai rūgštus moreninis priemolis (JIj6-b). Lauko bandymai įrengti 2008 m. pagal dviejų veiksnių schemą: A veiksnys - kalkinimas (nekalkinta, kalkinta 3,0 ir 6,0 t ha"1 CaC03), B veiksnys - tręšimas azotu (0, 60 ir 120 kg ha"1). Kiečiai 2009 m. sukaupė 2,76-5,741 ha"1 sausųjų medžiagų, tačiau 2010 m. šis rodiklis sumažėjo ir siekė 2,38-3,83 t ha1. Legėstų sausosios masės produktyvumas 2009 m. buvo 4,42-8,51 t ha"1, o 2010 m. jis gerokai padidėjo ir siekė 11,37-21,94 t ha"1. Kalkinimas turėjo teigiamos įtakos legėstų sausosios masės produktyvumui, tačiau neturėjo esminės įtakos kiečių sausųjų medžiagų prieaugio pokyčiui. Abiejų rūšių augalų sausosios masės prieaugį padidino (nors ne visada esmingai esant 95 % tikimybės lygiui) 120 kg ha"1 azoto trąšų panaudojimas. 2010 m. auginimo technologijos energinė analizė parodė, kad mineralinių ir kalkinių trąšų kaip netiesioginių energijos sąnaudų dalis sudarė 32,75-76,07 % visų bendrųjų energijos sąnaudų (įskaitant tiesiogines bei netiesiogines išlaidas, mašinų energoimlumą ir žmogaus darbo sąnaudas). Didžiausia energijos išeiga (GJ ha"1), taip pat ir energinis efektyvumas (energijos išeigos bei energijos sąnaudų santykis) nustatytas auginant geltonžiedžius legėstus. Pastarųjų dviejų rodiklių sumažėjimą sąlygojo didelių normų kalkinių ir azoto trąšų panaudojimasResearch on perennial coarse-stemmed herbaceous energy plants, common mugwort {Artemisia vulgaris L.) and cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.), was carried out in Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in Western Lithuania. The soil of the experimental site is naturally acid moraine loam Eutri-Hypostagnic Albeluvisol (ABj-w-eu). Field experiments were established in 2008, according to a two-factor design including three levels of liming (not limed, limed with 3.0 and 6.0 t ha"1 of CaC03) and three levels of nitrogen fertilization (0, 60 and 120 kg ha"1). Common mugwort accumulated 2.76-5.74 t ha-1 of dry matter in 2009; the next year, however, the parameter decreased to 2.38-3.83 t ha"1. In 2009, the cup plant dry matter productivity was 4.42-8.51 t ha"1; while in 2010, it considerably increased and reached 11.37—21.94 t ha"1. Liming positively influenced the cup plant dry matter productivity; however, there was no significant effect on the change in the common mugwort dry matter increase. The application of 120 kg ha"1 nitrogen rate significantly enhanced dry matter increase of both species (although not always significantly at 95% probability level). The energy analysis of the growing technology in 2010 indicates that the mineral and lime fertilizers as indirect energy costs accounted from 32.75% to 76.07% of the total energy input (including direct and indirect costs, machinery energy consumption and human labour input). The highest energy output (187.6-361.9 GJ ha"1) as well as energy use efficiency (ratio of energy output to energy input) was determined for the cultivation of cup plant. However, the application of lime and nitrogen fertilizers caused a substantial decrease of energy output and energy use efficiencyVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Effect of <i>Ustilago maydis</i> on the Nutritive Value and Aerobic Deterioration of Maize Silage

The common smut of corn, caused by Ustilago maydis, reduces the yield and quality of maize forage. When heavy infestations of corn smut occur, grain yields can be so severely decreased that the most viable economic alternative may be to harvest and ensile the crop. Only a couple of studies have attempted to investigate the influence of aerobic exposure on the nutritive value and aerobic stability of silage, which is prepared from smut-infected maize. In this study, individual whole corn plants were harvested by hand. The plants were distributed into three treatments: 0% infected, 50% infected, and 100% infected. The fresh forage was ensiled in triplicate for a 90-day period. Aerobic exposure lasted for 28 days. Samples were taken on the day of opening and on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th days. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration equations were used for the prediction of qualitative indicators. Silage prepared from 100% smut-infected maize had comparatively poor quality with dry matter loss, increasing pH and the low amount of starch. It was also distinguished with significant temperature increases from days 15 to 18 of aerobic exposure. Silage prepared from 50% smut-infected maize did not show significant quality changes over the period of the experiment, although it had inferior quality compared to the silage prepared from smut-free maize. While silage prepared from smut-infected maize had an overall worse quality than silage prepared from non-infected maize, it should not have an adverse effect on livestock health or production

Reflection of Landscape Agrogenization in the Soil Cover Structure and Profile Morphology: Example of Lithuania Agroecosystem

Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro filialas Žemdirbystės institutasVilniaus universitetasVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Qualitative properties of cookies enriched with berries pomace

Epub July 31, 2020The purpose of this study was to investigate the qualitative properties of cookies with the addition of raspberry, red currants and strawberry pomace flour. Cookies were prepared by substitution of wheat flour with berry pomace flour (10%, 15% and 20%) and evaluated in terms of their proximate composition, physical characteristics, and functional and sensory properties. Berry pomace-supplemented cookies had significantly higher dietary fibre content and different fibre fractions NDF (neutral detergent fibre), ADF (acid detergent fibre), MADF (insoluble fibre fraction of modified acid detergent solution) as well as WSCs (water soluble carbohydrates) content. Correlation analysis results showed that cookie hardness was significantly correlated with dietary fibre content. The raspberry, red currant and strawberry flours contained 49.88%, 33.13% and 24.25% of dietary fibre, respectively. The colour of the cookies was measured using a Color Flex spectrophotometer. The average L*, a*, and b* values ranged from 37.35 to 68.29, from 7.08 to 13.18, and from 20.12 to 34.73, respectivelyAgronomijos fakultetasLietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centrasVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

The distribution of bioactive compounds in the tubers of organically grown jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) during the growing period

This study aim to evaluate the distribution of bioactive compounds in the tubers of organically grown Jerusalem artichoke (JA) during the growing season in 2012–2014. Field experiments on the three JA cultivars: Albik, Rubik and Sauliai, were carried out at the organic farm in South Lithuania. The tubers were uprooted at the end of each month of the growing period (8 times) in March–June (spring period) and August– November (autumn period) and were analysed for the contents of dry matter, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, leuco-anthocyanins, catechins. The significantly highest dry matter content in JA tubers was determined in March of 2014 after they had been exposed to sub-zero temperatures in the soil during the winter, while the amount of phenolic compounds – at the beginning of the spring growing period. The significantly highest content of inulin in October of 2014 was accumulated in the tubers of cv. Sauliai (46.08%), carbohydrates – in Albik tubers in September of 2014 (44.23%), when the formation of new tubers began. Significantly higher amounts of catechins were determined in the second half of the growing period. Cultivar and organogenesis stage had a significant impact on the content of leuco-anthocyanins in JA tubers. Substantial differences in the content of leuco-anthocyanins among the tested cultivars were determined at the end of the growing seasonLietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro Žemdirbystės institutasVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Kalio išplova iš karbonatingo giliau glėjiško rudžemio, esant skirtingam kiekiui kritulių ir taikant įvairias žemdirbystės sistemas

The aim of this research was to compare a few crop management systems in respect of potassium leaching in order to reduce the leaching losses. Research was carried out on an Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-wcan) at the experimental site of Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture (currently – Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry). The focus was on the search for factors responsible for leaching, including precipitation amount and rate, and selected soil properties. The highest potassium cation (K+) leaching with drainage runoff 3.8 kg ha-1 year-1 was determined in the conventional system with high K inorganic fertilization level as compared with 1.9 kg ha-1 year-1 in the treatment with zero fertilization (reference) during the first research period in 1995–1999. However, later, after a few changes in experimental design and under the drier conditions, leaching of K+ was low and similar in all crop management treatments on the arable plots (approx. 1.6 kg ha-1 year-1). The rate of K and N fertilizers positively influenced the leaching of K+ only during the normal and wet years with precipitation rate >450–600 mm. The content of soil aggregates <0.25 mm in topsoil positively correlated with K+ leaching losses during the first research period (P < 0.01). During the whole research period the precipitation rate was the factor from the main effects, which explained 64% of the K+ leaching variance. The final model explained 76% of K+ leaching variance for all data and 65 ± 16% on cross-validation data, showing relatively high and stable accuracy of predictions. Among the variables, the interaction of precipitation rate and content of humus, the interaction between the precipitation rate and content of soil aggregates <0.25 mm were the most important, each explaining more than 60% of the variance of K+ leaching losses