Iconographic-iconological analysis of the woodcut series on the subject of Apocalypse by Albrecht Dürer

Ciklus od petnaest drvoreza na temu Apokalipse jednog od najznačajnijih njemačkih umjetnika Albrechta Dürera predstavlja jedan od najuvjerljivijih i najpogodnijih primjera za ikonografsko-ikonološku analizu navedene biblijske teme. Unatoč tome što postoje i određeni elementi pojedinih likovnih prikaza koji u ikonografskom smislu nisu do kraja razjašnjeni i potvrđeni od strane stručnjaka, jasno je da je Dürer uglavnom vjerno slijedio novozavjetni tekst koji je uostalom dao tiskati na poleđinu svakog drvoreza. Uzevši u obzir da se u 15. stoljeću tiskarski stroj pojavio tek šezdesetak godina prije objave drvorezâ, ne treba nas čuditi velika popularnost i brzo širenje Dürerova ciklusa diljem Europe. Njegov imanentan uspjeh posljedica je i tadašnjeg općeg iščekivanja kraja svijeta 1500. godine među njemačkim stanovništvom, a čiji je strah Dürer zasigurno dodatno pojačao odabravši upravo ovu temu za svoj ciklus.This series of 15 woodcuts on the subject of Apocalypse, made by one of the most significant German artists, stands for one of the most convenient apocalyptic examples to do an iconographic-iconological analysis on. Despite the fact that there are certain iconografic elements that remain unexplained and unconfirmed by art historians, it is clear that Dürer was closely following the Biblical text which he even printed at the back of each woodcut. One shouldn't be surprised by the fact that the series got popular so quick and spread all through Europe considering that printing press was invented only about 60 years prior to its publication in 1498. Such rapid success could also be explained as a consequence of general state of mind in Germany where at that time most citizens expected Doomsday to come in 1500, so Dürer's subject choice definitely reinforced their fear

Integrated Production of Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus) in Croatia

The integrated sour cherry production in Croatia was monitored over a three year period. It was found that in the continental Croatia dominates Oblačinska cherry cultivar, followed by Csengőd and Gipsy cultivars, while in the Mediterranean Maraska cherry clones are present. Number of producers and production areas varied depending on purchase possibilities of cherries from the integrated production. The most common integrated sour cherry production in the continental Croatia is in Osijek – Baranja County, while in the Mediterranean area it is in Zadar County. Results have shown that the majority of cherry producers produce in accordance with prescribed Technical Guidelines for the integrated production. Within the integrated cherry pest management (IPM), control of aphids, was performed by pirimicarb and neonicotinoides. Rhagoletis cerasi was controlled by dimethoate. Diseases Stigmina carpophila and Blumeriella jaapii were commonly controlled by active substances: captan, copper hydroxide – Ca-chloride complex + zinc sulfide and dodine. Monilinia laxa was controlled mainly by the: boscalid, cyprodinil and carbendazim, while copper oxide was the most common substance in controlling Pseudomonas morsprunorum. Weed control included total herbicides application: glyphosate and glufosinate. The occurrence of mentioned harmful organisms was expected due to favorable climate conditions characterized by above – average temperatures and variations of extreme precipitation and droughts

Izvori: DNA barkodiranje tulara (Insecta, Trichoptera) u Hrvatskoj s napomenama o taksonomiji i konzervacijskoj biologiji

The paper provides the results of DNA barcoding based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial gene (mtCOI) of 110 Trichoptera specimens collected in 36 springs in the PannonianPeripannonian, central mountainous and Mediterranean part of Croatia. We barcoded 70 species from 32 genera and 15 families. The data obtained show interesting faunistic and taxonomic results, for, for example, the species Rhyacophila cabrankensis, R. balcanica, Crunoecia kempnyi, Allogmaus auricollis and emphasize the need for further faunistic research into springs, in their role as habitats with a specific and very interesting fauna. The mtCOI DNA barcoding should be included in such research, because it would enable better presentation of the results, especially regarding biodiversity, taxonomy, phylogeny and conservation biology, not just as a segment of a local but also of a global process of understanding biodiversity in a different way. The results of this study show a global need for the protection of springs, because they are specific not only as habitats, but also as localities with an interesting fauna and often endemic species of very limited distribution (for example Rhyacophila cabrankensis).U radu se prikazuju rezultati DNA barkodiranja temeljenog na mitohondrijskom genu za podjedinicu 1 citokrom c oksidaze (mtCOI), za 110 primjeraka Trichoptera prikupljenih u 36 izvora u panonsko-peripanonskom, središnje-planinskom i mediteranskom području Hrvatske. DNA barkodirano je 70 vrsta iz 32 roda i 15 porodica. U studiji se ukazuje na neke zanimljive faunističke i taksonomske rezultate, npr. za vrste Rhyacophila cabrankensis, R. balcanica, Crunoecia kempnyi, Allogmaus auricollis te potrebu daljnjih faunističkih istraživanja izvora kao staništa sa specifičnom i vrlo zanimljivom faunom. U ta istraživanja zbog kvalitetnije prezentacije rezultata, posebno u područjima bioraznolikosti, taksonomiji, filogeniji i konzervacijskoj biologiji, potrebno je uključiti i metodu DNA barkodiranja mtCOI, kao segment ne samo lokalnog, nego i globalnog procesa u spoznavanju bioraznolikosti na jedan drugačiji način. Navedeni rezultati ovog rada ukazuju na globalnu potrebu veće zaštite izvora jer su specifični ne samo kao staništa, nego vrlo često i kao područja nalaza endemskih vrsta s vrlo malim područjem rasprostranjenja (npr. Rhyacophila cabrankensis)

Faunal features of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) in Konavle region (Croatia) with notes on DNA barcoding and conservation biology

Throughout this research, 230 Trichoptera specimens were collected in the area of Konavle area, the southernmost region of Croatia. Altogether 21 species, 15 genera and 11 families were identified. DNA barcoding covered 41 specimens represented with 15 species collected in the Konavle region. The highest number of species was recorded at two localities: the spring of the River Ljuta (13) and a spring in the village Vodovađa (8). The highest number of taxa (4) was recorded within the following two families: Hydroptilidae and Hydropsychidae. From a faunistic point of view, the most interesting species in Konavle region are: Agapetus cf. kampos Oláh (the first record for Croatia), Hydroptila martini Marshall (the first record for the Mediterranean part of Croatia), Oxyethira falcata Morton (the first record for Croatia), Tinodes andrasi Oláh (type locality of the species is River Ljuta), Diplectrona cf. afra McLachlan (the first record from the Mediterranean part of Croatia) and Micropterna wageneri Malicky (the second record for Croatia). The first DNA barcoding data for the species Agapetus cf. kampos Oláh and Tinodes andrasi Oláh were entered into the BOLD database. The area of Konavle represents one of the most interesting regions for the fauna of Trichoptera and can be considered as a ”hotspot” for caddisflies in Croatia. Thus, it is necessary to install high standards for their protectio

Mechanical Properties of High Viscosity Glass Ionomer and Glass Hybrid Restorative Materials

Svrha rada: Željela su se odrediti mehanička svojstva hibridnih i visokoviskoznih staklenoionomernih cemenata. Mjerila se tlačna čvrstoća i tvrdoća triju staklenoionomernoh cemenata (SIC-ova) – Ketac™ Universal Aplicap™, EQUIA Fil® i EQUIA FORTE Fil® te je obavljena SEM analiza uzoraka. Materijali i metode: Uzorci za mjerenje tlačne čvrstoće pripremljeni su s pomoću silikonskih kalupa dimenzija 6 mm u visinu i 4 mm u širinu te su pet dana bili pohranjeni u deioniziranoj vodi, a uzorci za mjerenje tvrdoće pripremljeni su s pomoću teflonskih kalupa dimenzija 2 mm u visinu i 5 mm u širinu i zatim pohranjeni 25 dana u vodi na temperaturi od 37 stupnjeva. Reprezentativni uzorak svakog materijala podvrgnut je SEM ikroskopiji. Za usporedbu dobivenih vrijednosti korišten je ANOVA-test, a za višestruku usporedbu Tukeyev test. Rezultati: Nema značajnije razlike između tlačne čvrstoće triju ispitivanih materijala (p < 0,05), a dobivene vrijednosti tvrdoće iznosile su: Ketac™ Universal Aplicap™ – 157 HV0,2, EQUIA Fil® – 47 HV0,2 i EQUIA FORTE Fil® – 39 HV0,2. Zaključak: Promatrajući dobivene rezultate tvrdoće uočavaju se značajno veće vrijednosti za materijal Ketac™ Universal Aplicap™. SEM analiza uzoraka nije otkrila značajnije razlike u strukturi ispitivanih materijala EQUIA FORTE Fil® , EQUIA Fil® i Ketac™ Univesal Aplicap™.Objectives: to determine the mechanical properties of hybrid and high-viscosity glass ionomer cements. Compressive strength and hardness of three glass ionomer cements (GIC) were measured: Ketac ™ Universal Aplicap ™, EQUIA Fil® and EQUIA FORTE Fil®, and the SEM sample analysis were performed. Material and Methods: The samples for measuring the compressive strength were prepared using silicone molds with standard dimensions of 6 mm x 4 mm and stored in deionized water for five days, while the samples for hardness measurement were prepared using Teflon molds with a cylindrical opening in the middle, dimensions 2 mm in height and 5 mm in width. For each material, one sample was made (n = 1) and stored in deionized water at 37ºC for 25 days. A representative sample of each material was analyzed using SEM. For the comparison of obtained values, the ANOVA test was used, while Tukey test was used for the multiple comparison. Results: There were no significant differences between the compressive strength of the three tested materials (p <0.05). The hardness values were: 157 HV0,2 for Ketac ™ Universal Aplicap ™ , 47 HV0,2 for EQUIA Fil® and 39 HV0,2 for EQUIA FORTE Fil®, respectively, and were significantly different, implying that Ketac ™ Universal Aplicap ™ has much higher hardness values than the other materials tested. SEM sample analysis revealed similar fracture modes of the tested materials. Conclusion: It was concluded that there were no statistically significant differences in compressive strength and fracture modes between the tested materials, while Ketac ™ Universal Aplicap ™ hardness results were significantly higher than the ones measured for EQUIA Fil® and EQUIA FORTE Fil®

Procjena oštećenja endodontskih instrumenata vizualno i optičkim pomagalima

Objectives: To determine the accuracy of visual damage evaluation of rotating and reciprocal endodontic instruments with the naked eye and optical devices. Material and methods: Four examiners were involved, divided into two age groups: I. 20-30 years, n = 2, II. 40-50 years, n = 2. They visually assessed the existence of damage to rotating or reciprocal endodontic instruments by their naked eye and with two types of optical aids. A total of 239 instruments from different manufacturers were evaluated by each examiner. Before damage estimation, each examiner calibrated the eye on a new instrument. Sensitivity of the detection method was calculated as by the naked eye. When an instrument was detected as damaged by the naked eye, the damage assessment was stopped and the instrument was considered to be damaged by the other two methods, as well. Results: Damage was found in 178 instruments. Sensitivity of the naked eye was calculated to be 49.7%, for the loupe 66.2% and for the operating microscope 76.5%. The three methods of damage assessment had significant differences (p < 0.05) in sensitivity. Conclusion: It was concluded that there is a significant difference between age groups in estimating instrument damage. Also, it was noted that the damage assessment with the naked eye and optical aids were different. Finally, in terms of ease of damage recognition, significant differences between the types of engine-driven endodontic instruments were found. However, no type of instrument was more prone to damage than any other type of instrument.Cilj istraživanja: Odrediti preciznost vizualne procjene oštećenja rotirajućih i recipročnih endodontskih instrumenata vizualno i optičkim pomagalima. Materijal i postupci: Istraživanje su provela četiri ispitivača podijeljena u dvije dobne skupine: 1. skupina od 20 do 30 godina - n = 2 i 2. skupina od 40 do 50 godina - n = 2. Vizualno su procijenili postoje li oštećenja rotirajućih ili recipročnih endodontskih instrumenata samo okom i dvjema vrstama optičkih pomagala. Svaki ispitivač pregledao je ukupno 239 instrumenata različitih proizvođača. Svi su kalibrirali oko na novom instrumentu prije procjene oštećenja. Osjetljivost metode procjene obavljena je golim okom. Kada je instrument okom procijenjen kao oštećen, procjena je prekinuta te se instrument i dvjema drugim metodama procjene smatrao oštećenim. Rezultati: Pronađeno je oštećenje na 178 instrumenata. Osjetljivost procjene oštećenja okom iznosi 49,7 %, za povećala 66,2 %, a za operacijski mikroskop 76,5 %. Trima metodama procjene oštećenja dobivene su značajne razlike u osjetljivosti (p < 0,05). Zaključak: Zaključeno je da postoji značajna razlika između dobnih skupina u procjeni oštećenja instrumenta. Također je uočeno da se razlikuje procjena oštećenja samo okom i optičkim pomagalima. Konačno, kad je riječ o lakoći prepoznavanja oštećenja, pronađene su značajne razlike između različitih strojnih endodontskih instrumenata. No ni jedna vrsta instrumenta nije bila sklonija oštećenjima od drugih

Springs: DNA barcoding of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) in Croatia with notes on taxonomy and conservation biology

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Faunal features of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) in the region Konavla

Na području Konavala provodila su se terenska istraživanja Trichoptera od 2004. do 2019. godine. Ukupno je bilo 9 terenskih izlazaka s 13 terenskih dana. Prikupljeno je 206 primjeraka imaga i 76 ličinki na 8 lokaliteta istraživanja i utvrđeno 27 taxa Trichoptera od kojih 23 vrste, raspoređenih u 17 rodova i 12 porodica. Po prvi puta u fauni Hrvatske utvrđene su vrste Oxyethira falcata Mor. i Agapetus fuscipes Cur., a vrste Diplectrona atra Mcl., Silo nigricornis Pic., Potamophylax pallidus Kla. i Adicella filicornis Pic. ovim su istraživanjima po prvi puta utvrđene u mediteranskom području Hrvatske. Najveći broj vrsta utvrđen je na izvoru i gornjem dijelu rijeke Ljute što je i bilo i za očekivati jer je to jedina veća tekućica na području Konavala, a vrlo zanimljivim staništem pokazali su se su i mali potoci na kojima su utvrđene sve četiri vrste iz porodice Hydroptilidae. Na temelju utvrđenih rezultata potrebno je ne samo nastaviti s istraživanjima faune Trichoptera i njezine rasprostranjenosti na području Konavala, nego adekvatno provesti učinkovitu zaštitu svih tipova vodotoka i staništa na tome području jer ovi rezultati ukazuju na njihove velike faunističke vrijednosti.Caddisflies field surveys were conducted in the Konavle area from 2004 to 2019. In total there were 9 field trips with 13 field days. 206 specimens of imag and 76 larvae were collected at 8 exploration sites and 27 Caddisflies taxes were identified of which 23 types, distributed in 17 species and 12 families. For the first time in the fauna of Croatia, species of Oxyethira falcata Mor and Agapetus fuscipes Cur. have been identified, and the species Diplectron atra Mcl., Silo nigricornis Pic., Potamophylax pallidus Kla. and Adicella filicornis Pic. are determined within these explorations for the first time in the Mediterranean area of Croatia. As expected, the largest number of species was identified at the mouth and upper part of the Ljuta River, because it is the only larger streaming water in the area of Konavle. Also small streams on which all four species of the family Hydroptilidae were identified has proven to be very interesting habitats. Based on the established results, it is necessary not only to continue the research of the Caddisflies fauna and its geographic distribution in the Konavle area, but also to adequately implement effective protection of all types of watercourses and habitats in this area, as this results indicate their great faunistical values

Iconographic-iconological analysis of the woodcut series on the subject of Apocalypse by Albrecht Dürer

Ciklus od petnaest drvoreza na temu Apokalipse jednog od najznačajnijih njemačkih umjetnika Albrechta Dürera predstavlja jedan od najuvjerljivijih i najpogodnijih primjera za ikonografsko-ikonološku analizu navedene biblijske teme. Unatoč tome što postoje i određeni elementi pojedinih likovnih prikaza koji u ikonografskom smislu nisu do kraja razjašnjeni i potvrđeni od strane stručnjaka, jasno je da je Dürer uglavnom vjerno slijedio novozavjetni tekst koji je uostalom dao tiskati na poleđinu svakog drvoreza. Uzevši u obzir da se u 15. stoljeću tiskarski stroj pojavio tek šezdesetak godina prije objave drvorezâ, ne treba nas čuditi velika popularnost i brzo širenje Dürerova ciklusa diljem Europe. Njegov imanentan uspjeh posljedica je i tadašnjeg općeg iščekivanja kraja svijeta 1500. godine među njemačkim stanovništvom, a čiji je strah Dürer zasigurno dodatno pojačao odabravši upravo ovu temu za svoj ciklus.This series of 15 woodcuts on the subject of Apocalypse, made by one of the most significant German artists, stands for one of the most convenient apocalyptic examples to do an iconographic-iconological analysis on. Despite the fact that there are certain iconografic elements that remain unexplained and unconfirmed by art historians, it is clear that Dürer was closely following the Biblical text which he even printed at the back of each woodcut. One shouldn't be surprised by the fact that the series got popular so quick and spread all through Europe considering that printing press was invented only about 60 years prior to its publication in 1498. Such rapid success could also be explained as a consequence of general state of mind in Germany where at that time most citizens expected Doomsday to come in 1500, so Dürer's subject choice definitely reinforced their fear

Faunal features of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) in the region Konavla

Na području Konavala provodila su se terenska istraživanja Trichoptera od 2004. do 2019. godine. Ukupno je bilo 9 terenskih izlazaka s 13 terenskih dana. Prikupljeno je 206 primjeraka imaga i 76 ličinki na 8 lokaliteta istraživanja i utvrđeno 27 taxa Trichoptera od kojih 23 vrste, raspoređenih u 17 rodova i 12 porodica. Po prvi puta u fauni Hrvatske utvrđene su vrste Oxyethira falcata Mor. i Agapetus fuscipes Cur., a vrste Diplectrona atra Mcl., Silo nigricornis Pic., Potamophylax pallidus Kla. i Adicella filicornis Pic. ovim su istraživanjima po prvi puta utvrđene u mediteranskom području Hrvatske. Najveći broj vrsta utvrđen je na izvoru i gornjem dijelu rijeke Ljute što je i bilo i za očekivati jer je to jedina veća tekućica na području Konavala, a vrlo zanimljivim staništem pokazali su se su i mali potoci na kojima su utvrđene sve četiri vrste iz porodice Hydroptilidae. Na temelju utvrđenih rezultata potrebno je ne samo nastaviti s istraživanjima faune Trichoptera i njezine rasprostranjenosti na području Konavala, nego adekvatno provesti učinkovitu zaštitu svih tipova vodotoka i staništa na tome području jer ovi rezultati ukazuju na njihove velike faunističke vrijednosti.Caddisflies field surveys were conducted in the Konavle area from 2004 to 2019. In total there were 9 field trips with 13 field days. 206 specimens of imag and 76 larvae were collected at 8 exploration sites and 27 Caddisflies taxes were identified of which 23 types, distributed in 17 species and 12 families. For the first time in the fauna of Croatia, species of Oxyethira falcata Mor and Agapetus fuscipes Cur. have been identified, and the species Diplectron atra Mcl., Silo nigricornis Pic., Potamophylax pallidus Kla. and Adicella filicornis Pic. are determined within these explorations for the first time in the Mediterranean area of Croatia. As expected, the largest number of species was identified at the mouth and upper part of the Ljuta River, because it is the only larger streaming water in the area of Konavle. Also small streams on which all four species of the family Hydroptilidae were identified has proven to be very interesting habitats. Based on the established results, it is necessary not only to continue the research of the Caddisflies fauna and its geographic distribution in the Konavle area, but also to adequately implement effective protection of all types of watercourses and habitats in this area, as this results indicate their great faunistical values