Osmanlı Devleti’nde kartpostalların kullanım amaçları

İnsanlık tarihi boyunca haberleşmenin insanlar için hayati önemi haiz olmuştur. Bu sebeple ilk çağdan itibaren insanlar, koşullarının elverdiği imkânlar dâhilinde haberleşme sistemlerini kurmuşlardır. Ancak makalemizin sınırları çerçevesinde bunlardan kısaca bahsedilecektir. Örneğin, İslamiyet Öncesi Türk Devletleri, İslami Dönem, Emevi, Abbasi Devletleri ve son olarak Osmanlı Devleti’nin haberleşme teşkilatlarından bahsedilecektir. Asıl konumuz olan kartpostallar Osmanlı’nın yenileşme çağı diye adlandırılan döneme denk gelmektedir. Teknolojinin ilerlemesiyle birlikte, haberleşme sistemlerinde yenilikler meydana gelmiştir. İnsanlar gördükleri yerleri paylaşma ihtiyacını yeni keşfedilen fotoğraf makinelerinin yaptıkları çekimler ile karşılamışlardır. Çekilen fotoğrafların arkalarına düştükleri tarih ile görsel olarak ilk defa tarihe not düşmüşlerdir. Bu bağlamda kartpostalların kullanım alanları merak konusu oluşturmuş ve makalemizin ana eksenini şekillendirmiştir

Retinopathy of prematurity publications: A bibliometric analysis

Objective: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the cytometric features of the retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in literature in the period of 1979-2019. Materials and methods: This study utilized data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (WoS) database from 1979 to 2019, focusing on 'Retinopathy of Prematurity.' The research incorporated the VOS viewer tool for arranging bibliometric networks and figures. The data were divided and analyzed based on variables like time, country, authors, research institutes, and document types. Info maps and bibliometric infographics were created with Microsoft Excel and VOS-Viewer tools. Moreover, population data, GDP per capita, health expenditure, and ICU bed data were sourced from the World Bank and OECD Health Statistics. Results: A total of 4080 publications in the period of 1979-2019 were scanned. Of all the evaluated publications, 2217 (54.33%) were original articles, 989 (24.24%) were meeting abstracts and 375 (9.19%) were letters, while the others were of the proceeding paper, editorial material, review, correction, book chapter types, respectively. The most widely used language was English with 3977 (97.47%) publications, while German was ranked second, followed by French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Turkish. A total of 83 countries made 4080 publications on ROP. The United States was the country with the most publications - 1820 (44.6%), followed by the UK - 262 (6.42%), India -242 (5.93%), Turkey - 178 (4.36%), Canada -167 (4.09%), Germany -154 (3.77%), China-153 (3.75%), respectively. Conclusions: ROP is a significant global health issue with socio-economic implications. Despite higher citation rates in developed countries, efforts should be aimed at reducing healthcare and publication disparities. Screening programs and health policies are crucial, particularly in developing countries

Factors associated with urinoma accompanied by ureteral calculi

Objective: Urinoma is a rare entity and mainly occurs due to acute obstruction such as ureteral stone. We aimed to demonstrate factors associated with urinoma accompanied by ureteral calculi. Material and methods: Data of 550 patients who were diagnosed with ureteral stone by computed tomography (CT) were analyzed retrospectively. In 20 patients perirenal urinoma was associated with ureteral calculi (group I), whereas in other 530 patients no urinoma was detected (group II). Gender, age, size, side and localization of the stone, hydronephrosis, fever, sepsis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), hematuria, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), white blood cell (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT) and cronic kidney disease (CKD) of the two groups were compared. Results: The average age of the patients were 46.2 (20-71) and 44.9 (10-82) years in group I and group II, respectively (p > 0.05). According to our results leukocytosis, microscopic and macroscopic hematuria, UTIs, increase of serum creatinine, BUN and CRP, diagnosis of DM and HT were significantly associated with urinoma (p < 0.05). In addition, patients with distal ureteral stones are more prone to urinoma (p = 0.001). An interesting finding of the study was that the stone size in group I (median 5 mm [range 3-8]) was significantly smaller than in group II (9.3 mm [4-25]; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Small stone size, distal localisation of the stone in ureter, leukocytosis, hematuria, UTIs, increase of serum creatinine, BUN and CRP, presence of DM and HT are associated with perirenal urinoma

Effect of Nasopharyngeal Irrigation on Early Eustachian Tube Functions in Patients Undergoing Adenoidectomy: A Clinical Prospective Study

Objective:The hypertrophic adenoid tissue can cause to eustachian tube dysfunction by mechanical or inflammatory effect both of which block the nasopharyngeal ostium of the eustachian tube. Adenoidectomy, with or without tonsillectomy, is the most common surgical procedure in children. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether nasopharyngeal irrigation for hemorrhage control in adenoidectomy patients has an effect on eustachian tube functions.Method:Patients who underwent adenoidectomy for adenoid hypertrophy evaluated on both the preoperatively and on the postoperative first day by otomicroscopic examination and with tympanometry for eustachian tube functions. Patients were divided into two groups according to nasopharyngeal irrigation type after surgery. Group 1 was the transnasal pressure irrigation group; group 2 was transoral passive irrigation group. Tympanometry was used to measure pressure, volumetric, and compliance values to compare pre- and postoperative values.Results:40 patients were included in the study. There was no significant difference between the age and sex distributions of the patients. Volume and compliance values between the groups were similar before and after the surgery. The mean pressure values of the tympanometry parameters were highly significantly different for the right ear and moderately different for the left ear in group 1; were significantly different for the right ear and highly significantly different for the left ear in group 2. Postoperative tympanometry types were seen as bilateral type C in 7 patients, as right side type C in 4 patients, as bilateral type B in 2 patients, as left side type C in 4 patients in group 1. However, in group 2, right side type B, left side type B and bilateral type C tympanogram were observed in 1 patient, 2 patients and 12 patients, respectively.Conclusion:In this study, we observed that the nasopharyngeal irrigation to control bleeding after adenoidectomy had adverse effect on the eustachian tube functions but larger series of studies are needed to confirm this

Prospective assessment of VI-RADS score in multiparametric MRI in bladder cancer: accuracy and the factors affecting the results

PURPOSEWe aimed to investigate the accuracy of Vesical Imaging - Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) in the detection of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and to determine which factors affect the results of this scoring system.METHODSA prospective data analysis of 80 patients who were detected to have bladder tumor was performed between March 2019 and October 2020. VI-RADS scoring was used to determine the probability of muscle invasion. The scores were compared with pathological results to evaluate the accuracy of the VI-RADS scoring system. Interobserver agreement was assessed by VI-RADS scoring of 20 randomly chosen patients by a different experienced radiologist.RESULTSUsing the VI-RADS scoring system, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) were 87.5%, 87.5%, 63.6%, and 96.6%, respectively. The interobserver agreement expressed as the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.44-0.84, P < .001). In addition, the flat appearance of the tumor was an important factor affecting the accuracy of the VI-RADS score (odds ratio: 5.3 [95% CI: 1.1-27.0] and relative risk: 1.87 [95% CI: 1.24-2.82]).CONCLUSIONThe mpMRI, used in conjunction with VI-RADS, has proven to be an effective imaging method for detecting muscle invasion in cases of bladder cancer. VI-RADS scoring system can distinguish whether there is a muscle-invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with acceptable accuracy. In addition, the flat appearance of the tumor is an important entity that can affect the accuracy of the VI-RADS scoring system

The catch composition of the bottom trawl in the Duzce province

YÖK Tez No: 488042Bu çalışma Düzce sahili'nde (Güneybatı Karadeniz) 30 – 110 metre derinlikler arasında Eylül 2014 - Ağustos 2015 tarihlerinde dip trolü av kompozisyonunun tespit edilmesi için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonbahar sezonunda 24, kış sezonunda 27, ilkbahar sezonunda 22, yaz sezonunda 13 balık türü avlanmıştır. Düzce sahilindeki tüm türlerin kompozisyonu değerlendirildiğinde Merlangius merlangus %73.12 (1290.29 kg / km2) ile birinci sırada; Gobius spp. %9.30 (164,04 kg / km2) ile ikinci sırada ve Mullus barbatus ise %9.05 (159.61 kg / km2) ile üçüncü sırada yer almıştır. Diğer 33 türün toplamı toplam balık biyomasının %8.53'üne karşılık gelmiştir. Total balık biyomasın mevsimsel dağılımı incelendiğinde, sonbahar sezonunda 1038.54, kış sezonunda 2552.37, ilkbahar sezonunda 1068.72, yaz sezonunda 5132.96 kg/km2 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ekonomik önemi yüksek hedef balık türü olan mezgit biyomasının (M. merlangus) sonbahar sezonunda 745.72, kış sezonunda 1726.14, ilkbahar sezonunda 724.58, yaz sezonunda 4910.15 kg/km2 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada Pomatomus saltatrix, Arnoglossus laterna, Spicara maena, Anguilla anguilla, Symphodus tinca, Chelidonichthys lucerna, Platichthys flesus, Squalus acanthias, Parablenniuis sanguinolentus, Acipenser stellatus, Spicara smaris, Trachurus trachurus, Hippocampus hippocampus, Serranus hepatus türleri ya tek bireyle ya da az sayıda bireyle temsil edilmişlerdir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada, Düzce sahillerindeki 27 familyaya ait 35 balık türünün kırmızı liste statüsü (IUCN) karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırma sonucunda 2 türün kritik tehlikede (CR), 5 türün hassas (VU), 22 türün düşük riskte (LC), 4 türün değerlendirilmemiş (NE) ve 2 tür yetersiz veri (DD) statüsünde olduğu tespit edilmiştirThis study was performed to identify the catch composition of the Düzce coast (south-western Black Sea) at depths of 30-110 meters by bottom trawl between September 2014 and August 2015. In this study, the numbers of fish species were 24 in autumn, 27 in winter, 22 in spring and 13 in summer. In the all species compositions of the Düzce coast, Merlangius merlangus was in the first row with 73.12% (1290.29 kg / km2), followed by Gobius spp. as second with 9.30% (164.04 kg / km2) and Mullus barbatus as third with 9.05% (159.61 kg / km2). The total of other 33 species correspond to 8.53% of total fish biomass. When seasonal distribution was examined, total catch of fish were 1038.54, 2552.37, 1068.72, 5132.96 kg/km2, of which economic (target) fish species (Merlangius merlangus) constitute 745.72, 1726.14, 724.58, 4910.15 kg/km2 in autumn, winter, spring and summer respectively. Single or sporadic captures were also recorded for Pomatomus saltatrix, Arnoglossus laterna, Spicara maena, Anguilla anguilla, Symphodus tinca, Chelidonichthys lucerna, Platichthys flesus, Squalus acanthias, Parablenniuis sanguinolentus, Acipenser stellatus, Spicara smaris, Trachurus trachurus, Hippocampus hippocampus and Serranus hepatus. Also in this study, red list status for 35 fish species belonging to 27 family in Düzce coasts were compared with the Red List (IUCN). As a result of this comparison, two species were determined as critically endangered (CR), five species as vulnerable (VU), 22 species as least concern (LC), four species as not evaluated (NE) and two species as data deficient (DD)

Some Asymptotıc Equıvalence Types

This thesis consists of six main parts. The first part is devoted to the introduction part that contains of the historical development of the subject and a general literature about it. In the second part, the basic concepts necessary for our work are given. In the third part, basic concepts related to the asymptotic lacunary statistical equivalence of real number sequences are introduced and the relations between them are shown with examples and theorems. In the fourth part, basic concepts related to the I-asymptotic lacunary statistical equivalence of real number sequences are given by using an I ideal; their specific properties and the relations between these concepts are explained by examples and theorems. In the fifth part, the I-asymptotic lacunary statistical equivalence of real number sequences is generalized using the p=(p_k) sequence of positive real numbers. In the sixth section, which is the last chapter, the sources in the literature that we use during our study are listed.Bu tez çalışması altı ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm giriş kısmına ayrılarak konunun tarihi gelişimi ve genel bir literatür bilgisi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, çalışmanın daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için gerekli olan temel kavramlardan bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise, reel sayı dizilerinin asimptotik lacunary istatistiksel denkliği konusu ile ilgili temel kavramlar tanıtılarak bunlar arasındaki ilişkiler örnekler ve teoremlerle gösterilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, bir I ideali kullanılarak, reel sayı dizilerinin I-asimptotik lacunary istatistiksel denkliği konusu ile ilgili temel kavramlar verilip; bunların kendine özgü özellikleri ve bu kavramlar arasındaki ilişkiler örnekler ve teoremlerle açıklanmıştır. Beşinci bölümde, pozitif reel sayıların p=(p_k) dizisini kullanarak, reel sayı dizilerinin I-asimptotik lacunary istatistiksel denkliği konusu genelleştirilmiştir. Son bölüm olan altıncı bölümde ise, çalışma süresince yararlanılan literatürdeki kaynaklar listelenmiştir

Some Asymptotıc Equıvalence Types

This thesis consists of six main parts. The first part is devoted to the introduction part that contains of the historical development of the subject and a general literature about it. In the second part, the basic concepts necessary for our work are given. In the third part, basic concepts related to the asymptotic lacunary statistical equivalence of real number sequences are introduced and the relations between them are shown with examples and theorems. In the fourth part, basic concepts related to the I-asymptotic lacunary statistical equivalence of real number sequences are given by using an I ideal; their specific properties and the relations between these concepts are explained by examples and theorems. In the fifth part, the I-asymptotic lacunary statistical equivalence of real number sequences is generalized using the p=(p_k) sequence of positive real numbers. In the sixth section, which is the last chapter, the sources in the literature that we use during our study are listed.Bu tez çalışması altı ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm giriş kısmına ayrılarak konunun tarihi gelişimi ve genel bir literatür bilgisi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, çalışmanın daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için gerekli olan temel kavramlardan bahsedilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise, reel sayı dizilerinin asimptotik lacunary istatistiksel denkliği konusu ile ilgili temel kavramlar tanıtılarak bunlar arasındaki ilişkiler örnekler ve teoremlerle gösterilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde, bir I ideali kullanılarak, reel sayı dizilerinin I-asimptotik lacunary istatistiksel denkliği konusu ile ilgili temel kavramlar verilip; bunların kendine özgü özellikleri ve bu kavramlar arasındaki ilişkiler örnekler ve teoremlerle açıklanmıştır. Beşinci bölümde, pozitif reel sayıların p=(p_k) dizisini kullanarak, reel sayı dizilerinin I-asimptotik lacunary istatistiksel denkliği konusu genelleştirilmiştir. Son bölüm olan altıncı bölümde ise, çalışma süresince yararlanılan literatürdeki kaynaklar listelenmiştir

Our results of pnomotic lithotripcy and rijit ureteroscopy in ureteral stones

Amaç: Üreter taş tanısı alan olgularda rijit üreteroskopi ve pnomotik litotripsinin etkinli- ğini incelemek. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Üreter taşı nedeniyle rijit üreteroskopi ve pnomotik litotripsi uygulanan 246 olgunun dosyaları geriye dönük incelendi. Sonuçlar tedaviden 3 ay sonra yapılan üriner ultrasonografi ve/veya intravenöz piyelografi ile değerlendirildi. Taş yerleşimine göre tedavi başarısı ve komplikasyon oranları karşı- laştırıldı. Bulgular: Olguların ortalama yaşı 45,0 yıl(dağılım 15-81), 131(%53,2)i erkek, 105(%42,8)i kadın idi. Taşların 114(%46,3)ü sağ, 131(%53,2)i sol, 1(%4,0)i ise bilateral üreter yerleşimliydi. Ortalama taş boyutu 8,75(dağılım 5-35) mm olarak bulundu. Toplam taşsızlık oranı totalde %88,1(distal üreterde %96.7, orta üreterde %87.4 ve proksimal üreterde %80.2) idi. Toplam komplikasyon ise %6.5(alt, orta ve üst üreterde sırasıyla %3.2, %6.4 ve %10.1) olarak gelişti. En sık peroperatif komplikasyon; %2.6 enfeksiyon, %1.1 mukozal hasar ve %4 üreter perforasyonu iken, en sık geç komplikasyon olguların %1.1inde üreter darlığı idi. Üreter taşı olan olgular taş büyüklüğüne göre Grup 1 10 mm (n114) ve Grup 2 10 mm (n132) olarak belirlendi. Grup 1de üreter yerleşimine göre taşsızlık oranları yüksek (proksimal %88, orta %92, distal %100 ve totalde %93.3) ve komplikasyon oranı düşük (%3.4) olarak gözlendi. Sonuç: Üreter taşlarının rijit üreteroskopi ve pnomotik litotripsi ile tedavisi tüm yerleşimlerdeki üreter taşlarında yüksek başarı, hızlı taşsızlık ve düşük komplikasyon oranlarıyla başarılı bir şekilde uygulanabilmektedir. Rijit üreteroskopi ve pnomotik litotripsi ile tedavi edilen alt üreter taşlarında taş büyüklüğü toplam taşsızlık ve komplikasyon oranlarını etkilememektedir.Objective: In patients with a diagnosis of ureteral calculi with rigid ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy evaluate the effectiveness of. Materials and Methods: Due to ureteral stone rigid ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy applied retrospectively reviewed the files of 246 cases. Results after 3 months of treatment with ultrasound urinary and /or evaluated with intravenous pyelography. According to Stone residential treatment success and complication rates were compared. Results: Mean age was 45.0 years (range 15-81), 131(53.2 %) were male, 105(42.8 %) were female. Stone of the 114(46.3%) to the right and 131(53.2 %) left , one(4.0 %)s bilateral ureter. Average stone size was 8.75(range 5-35) mm respectively. In total 88.1 % of the total stone-free rate (96.7 % in the distal ureter, middle ureter and proximal ureter was 87.4% and 80.2 %) respectively. Total complication was 6.5% (lower, middle and upper ureter, respectively, 3.2%, 6.4% and 10.1%) has evolved as. The most common intraoperative complication of infection of 2.6%, 1.1% and 4%, ureteral perforation, while mucosal damage, the most common late complication of patients 1.1% were in the ureteral stricture. Patients with ureteral stone by stone size group 1 10 mm (n 132), respectively. According to the placement in group 1 generates higher stone-free rates (88% proximal, middle 92%, and 93.3 % in the distal and total 100%) and low complication rate (3.4%) was observed. Conclusion: Rigid ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy of ureteral stones treated with ureteral stones in all residential high success and low complication rates and quick stone clearance can be applied successfully. Rigid treated with ureteroscopy and pneumatic lithotripsy lower ureteral stone size does not affect the overall stone free and complication rates