Çinko ve bakır gideriminde bir biyokütle kaynağı olarak defne yapraklarının kullanılması ve modellenmesi

Medicinal and aromatic plants which is one of the considerable non-timber forest products in Turkey, especially in the last century have become an important socio-economic values. In this study, Laurus nobilis L. leaves (LNL), an aromatic plant, were used as biosorbent in the treatment process. The effects of biosorbent dosage, biosorption time, solution pH, initial zinc and copper ions concentration, humic acid or ionic strength or competitive effects on the biosorption of Zn(II) and Cu(II) by LNL were investigated. The LNL biomass was characterized using SEM and FT-IR spectrum. The non-linearized and linearized isotherm equations were compared and discussed. Zn(II) and Cu(II) biosorption better matched with the Temkin equation and Pseudo second-order kinetic equation successfully defined the biomass behaviors of both heavy metal ions. Additionally, a single-stage batch bioreactor system for heavy metal biosorption based on the best fit non-linear isotherm equation also has been presented. It was found that heavy metal uptake was affected by competitive biosorption studies. Finally, these studies showed that the LNL can be used as an environmentally friendly and abundant biosorbent for removing zinc and copper ions from contaminated waters.Türkiye’de kereste dışı orman ürünlerinden olan tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler sosyo-ekonomik açıdan bu yüzyılda önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada aromatic bir bitki olan defne yaprakları arıtma prosesesinde biyosorban olarak kullanılmıştır. Biyosorban dozajı, çözelti pH'sı, temas süresi, başlangıçtaki ağır metal iyonları konsantrasyonu, iyonik kuvvet, hümik asit etkisi ve LNL ile Bakır (II) ve çinko (II) 'nun biyosorpsiyonu üzerindeki rekabetçi etkiler incelenmiştir. Biyosorban, FT-IR ve SEM görüntüleri kullanılarak karakterize edilmiştir. Doğrusallaştırılmış ve doğrusallaştırılmamış izoterm modelleri karşılaştırılmış ve tartışılmıştır. Zn (II) ve Cu (II) biyosorpsiyonu, Temkin denklemiyle daha iyi uyum sağlamış ve sahte ikinci derece reaksiyon kinetiği, her iki ağır metalin biyosorpsiyon davranışlarıyla da uyum göstermistir. Ayrıca, ağır metal biyosorpsiyonu için doğrusal olmayan en uygun izoterm denklemine dayanan tek kademeli bir biyoreaktör sistemi de sunulmuştur. Ağır metal giderimini ortamdaki diğer iyonların varlığı bir miktar etkilemiştir. Bu çalışmalar LNL'nin çinko ve bakır iyonlarını kirli sulardan uzaklaştırmak için, çevre dostu ve bol bulunan bir biyosorban olarak, değerlendirilebileceğini göstermiştir

Determination of age and some growth parameters in different populations of Ommatotriton ophryticus (Berthold, 1846) (Caudata: Salamandridae) (northern banded newt)

Ommatotriton ophryticus'un Türkiye'de yaşayan üç populasyonuna ait örneklerin vücut büyüklükleri ölçülmüş ve iskelet kronolojisi yöntemi uygulanarak yaşları tayin edilmiştir. Bireylerin yaşları parmak kemiklerinden alınan enine kesitlerdeki yaş halkalarının (LAG) sayılması yoluyla belirlenmiştir. Vücut büyüklüğü (SVL) erkeklede 58.41-85.78 mm, dişilerde ise 50.33-71.56 mm arasında değişmekte olup populasyonlar arasında benzerlik göstermektedir. Tüm populasyonlarda erkek bireyler dişi bireylerden daha büyüktür. Erkek bireylerin ergenliğe 4-6 yaşlarında, dişi bireylerin ise 5-6 yaşlarında ulaştıkları tespit edilmiştir. Tüm populasyonlarda erkek ve dişi bireylerin ortalama yaşları birbirine benzer olup istatistiksel olarak önemli bir fark tespit edilmemiştir. Maksimum yaş ya da yaşam uzunluğu erkeklerde 9-12 yıl, dişilerde ise 9-10 yıl arasında değişmektedir. Tüm populasyonların hem erkek hem de dişi bireylerinde yaş ile vücut büyüklüğü (SVL) arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Ommatotriton ophryticus populasyonları arasında yaş ve büyüklük bakımından (6, 7 ve 8. yaş sınıfları) farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ancak bu farklılığın yükseklik ve coğrafi konuma bağlı olarak meydana geldiğini söylemek zordur. Bu nedenle yaş ve vücut büyüklüğünün, predasyon, agresif rakipler, besin gibi başka ekolojik faktörlerden etkilenmiş olabileceği düşünülmektedir.Body size of newts from three populations of Ommatotriton ophryticus in Turkey was measured and the age of the newts was estimated using skelotochronological method. Age was determined individually by counting the number of restling lines (LAG) in cross-sections taken from phalanges. Body size (SVL) is similar among populations ranged between 58.41-85.78 mm in males and 50.33-71.56 mm in females. Males are significantly bigger than females in all populations. Age at maturity was determined as 4-6 years in males and 5-6 years in females. The average age of males and females in all populations was similar and did not significantly differ. Maximum age or longevity was ranged from 9 to 12 years in males and 9 to 11 years in females. Positive correlation between body size (SVL) and age was determined for both males and females in all populations. In this study, significant difference was determined among populations of Ommatotriton ophryticus in terms of age and body size (6, 7 and 8 age classes). However, it was difficult to say that these differences resulted from geographic positions or altitudes of localities. For this reason, the age and body size is tought to be effected by other ecological factors such as predation, aggressive competitors, food etc

Rapid content production and delivery in e-learning environments: use of Adobe Presenter, MS PowerPoint, Adobe Connect

AbstractWith the rapid development of internet technologies, intelligent flexible learning model finds a wider area of usage. Many of the education institutions started to present their distance education programs over the internet. Content production is an important part of the process in online environments. Production of the content that will be delivered in online learning environments includes a comprehensive process. In order to deliver the content without any problem, the course materials should be accommodated for the internet environment. Instructor can make his/her face-to-face lecture notes more attractive with animations, simulations, visuals, audio and video additions when presenting them in an e-learning environment. Multimedia tools and applications should be taken advantage of towards providing an effective, attractive and efficient e-course production for the learner. Education institutions need qualified staff in distance education for online programs. In many of the institutions there are a few personnel in distance education departments in the beginning, so contributions to content production by subject experts can be necessary. Rapid content production and delivery can be provided by using MS Powerpoint - which is used frequently by instructors- and some other additional software. Instructor's course lecture video, audio, visuals, tests, animation and music can be added to existing course contents to convert rapidly to online deliverable format. In this study, the process of delivering an instructor's lecture notes online with the addition of multimedia tools is mentioned with implementation examples

A CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF THE KEY SHIFTS IN THE MAINSTREAM L2 MOTIVATION RESEARCH: HIGHLIGHTING SOME POSSIBLE FUTURE PATHWAYS

The aim of this paper is to overview the field of mainstream L2 motivation research historically, to outline key shifts that the field has gone through and primary theories that underpin the development of the field, and lay out some possible future pathways based on the insights offered on the changing landscape of the field. These future pathways highlighted in the paper unavoidably are demonstrative of the scope and development of future research potential in the field of L2 motivation research. The discussion starts with the definition of motivation, then early L2 motivation research, goes on with the educational shift, and f the current period of L2 motivation study. The study continues with the discussion of the most promising future pathways to be made about the directions of the future research in our field.

A new approach in biological control of insect pests: releasing entomopathogenic nematode-infected insects

Entomopatojen nematodlar (EPN) (Fam. Steinernematidae ve Heterorhabditidae) zorunlu böcek patojeni olan biyolojik mücadele organizmalarıdır. Alan uygulamalarında genellikle püskürtme yöntemi kullanılarak infektif juvenil evre nematodlar verilmektedir. Ancak kabuk altı veya sık bitki örtüsü bulunan habitatlardaki zararlı böceklere karşı püskürtme yöntemi etkili olamamaktadır. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında kestane ağaçlarının kabuk altına yerleşip iletim demetleriyle beslenen Cossus cossus larvalarına ve sık bitki örtülü çim alanlarda zarar yapan Spodoptera cilium larvalarına karşı yeni bir uygulama yöntemi olarak "nematodla enfekte canlı larva salımı" diğer bir deyişle "canlı bomba" metodunun etkinliği araştırılmıştır. Denemelerde EPN olarak Steinernema carpocapsae türü kullanılmıştır. Nematodla enfekte canlı larva elde etmek için Galleria mellonella ve S. cilium larvaları 24 saat süreyle S. carpocapsae infektif juvenilleriyle karşı karşıya bırakılmıştır. Cossus cossus denemeleri için kestane kütükleri, S. cilium denemeleri içinse hazır rulo çim parselleri kullanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda enfekte canlı larva salım tekniği ile kabuk altındaki C. cossus larvalarında %86, çim alandaki S. cilium larvalarında ise %91 oranında ölüm meydana gelmiştir. Her iki deney grubunda elde edilen ölüm oranlarıyla kontrol grupları arasındaki fark istatistiksel açıdan önemli bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak kabuk altı ve benzeri kapalı habitatlardaki zararlılara karşı EPN'lerin test edilen bu yeni uygulama yöntemi sayesinde başarıyla uygulanabileceği görülmüştür.Entomopathogenic nematodes (Fam. Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) are obligate insect pathogenic nematodes and are used in biological control studies. Generally, infective juvenile stages of the nematodes are sprayed with a large amount of water in feild applications. However, this method is not efficient against the insect pests in cryptic habitats such as sapwoods and dense vegetation covers. With this study, the efficacy of releasing nematode-infected insects "living bomb" as a new application method was evaluated against chestnut tree pest Cossus cossus, and lawn caterpillar Spodoptera cilium larvae. Entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae species was used in the experiments. Galleria mellonella and S. cilium larvae were exposed to S. carpocapsae IJs for 24 h to get nematode-infected larvae. Chestnut logs were used for C. cossus study and the new application technique showed 86% larval mortaliy. For S. cilium, turf grass arenas were used to conduct the experiments and releasing the nematode-infected insect technique showed 91% larval mortality. There were significant difference between treatments and control groups for C. cossus and S. cilium. As conclusion, the data showed that releasing nematode-infected insect technique can be used against insect pests in cryptic or similar habitats

Usage of Social Media in City Marketing: A Research on 30 Metropolitan Municipalities in Turkey

Rapid changes in information and communication technologies cause serious developments in marketing field similar to every sector. In parallel with these developments, the social media channels which appear as Web 2.0 applications have a number of advantages in comparison with traditional media channels. Social media gained a place in marketing activities because of its advantages. Social media is added on instruments in line with these developments that countries benefit in marketing activities for attracting more tourists, investment and becoming prominent against the other cities. Cities intensively benefit from social media because of social media’s properties like reaching the large masses, low marketing cost, interaction, receiving feedbacks rapidly, etc. Within this context, the purpose of this research is to determine the use statuses of social media by metropolitan municipalities as part of city marketing. In accordance with this purpose, official social media accounts of 30 metropolitan municipalities are investigated between the dates of 01/09/2016 and 30/09/2016, then their shares in social media channels are investigated in the context of city marketing.It is observed that two metropolitan municipalities do not have official Facebook accounts, four metropolitan municipalities do not have an official Twitter account as well. Again, it is found that 19 metropolitan municipalities do not have an official Instagram account and 17 metropolitan municipalities do not have official YouTube account. In consequence, it is observed that, our metropolitan municipalities do not benefit from social media effectively for city marketing activities

The effects of increasing levels of dietary sodium bentonite on performance, carcass indices, blood chemistry and meat quality in Japanese quails

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the inclusion of sodium bentonite (SB) in Japanese quails’ diet on performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical status, and meat quality traits. A total of 120 seven-day-old Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) were randomly divided into four groups, with each group containing five replicates, six birds each. SB was mixed with the diet at four concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%). Performance indicators were determined for an experimental period of six weeks. At the end of the experiment, 2 quails from each replicate were slaughtered and carcass traits were measured. The blood serum biochemical values, antioxidant status, and meat quality indicators were determined from blood and breast meat samples. The results showed that SB supplementation significantly improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 2-7 week period, the relative weight of the proventriculus, glucose and total cholesterol (TC) and a* (redness) colour traits in meat. Moreover, the total oxidant status (TOS) in blood serum and malondialdehyde (MDA) values were decreased with SB addition to Japanese quails’ diet. Hence, dietary SB supplementation could be used to improve the performance and antioxidant status in Japanese quails