MORFOLOŠKE RAZLIKE IZMEÐU IGRAČKIH POZICIJA KOD VRHUNSKIH RUKOMETAŠA

This study presents morphological characteristics of 37 elite Croatian junior and senior national male handball players. A set of 27 anthropometric measures were carried out on 9 wing attack players, 6 pivots, 5 goalkeepers and 17 back court players. The body fat percentage and the BMI were calculated. ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between wing attackers and other playing positions in variables of body height, body mass, biltareral measures of leg and arm length, abdomen skinfold, circumference of right extended upperarm, circumference of right flexed upperarm, bilateral measures of forearm circumference, circumference of right upperleg, bilateral measures of lower leg circumference and abdominal circumference. Morphological characteristics can influence the ability of players to respond better to the requirements of the certain position in the game.U ovom radu predstavljene su morfološke karakteristike 37 vrhunskih hrvatskih juniorskih i seniorskih rukometaša. Mjerenja su provedena putem seta od 27 antropometrijskih mjera, izmjerenih na 9 krilnih igrača, 6 pivota, 5 golmana i 17 vanjskih igrača. Postotak masti ITM (Indeks tjelesne mase) su izračunati. Univarijatna analiza varijance (ANOVA) pokazala je statistički značajne razlike izmeðu krila i igrača sa ostalih pozicija u igri u varijablama tjelesne visine, tjelesne mase, obostrano u mjerama dužine ruke i noge, kožnom naboru trbuha, opsegu desne ispružene nadlaktice, ospegu desne savijene nadlaktice, obostrano u mjerama opsega podlaktice i potkoljenice, opsegu desne natkoljenice i opsegu trbuha. Morfološke karakterisitke mogu utjecati na bolji odgovor igrača obzirom na zahtjeve pojedine igračke pozicij

MORFOLOŠKE RAZLIKE IZMEÐU IGRAČKIH POZICIJA KOD VRHUNSKIH RUKOMETAŠA

This study presents morphological characteristics of 37 elite Croatian junior and senior national male handball players. A set of 27 anthropometric measures were carried out on 9 wing attack players, 6 pivots, 5 goalkeepers and 17 back court players. The body fat percentage and the BMI were calculated. ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between wing attackers and other playing positions in variables of body height, body mass, biltareral measures of leg and arm length, abdomen skinfold, circumference of right extended upperarm, circumference of right flexed upperarm, bilateral measures of forearm circumference, circumference of right upperleg, bilateral measures of lower leg circumference and abdominal circumference. Morphological characteristics can influence the ability of players to respond better to the requirements of the certain position in the game.U ovom radu predstavljene su morfološke karakteristike 37 vrhunskih hrvatskih juniorskih i seniorskih rukometaša. Mjerenja su provedena putem seta od 27 antropometrijskih mjera, izmjerenih na 9 krilnih igrača, 6 pivota, 5 golmana i 17 vanjskih igrača. Postotak masti ITM (Indeks tjelesne mase) su izračunati. Univarijatna analiza varijance (ANOVA) pokazala je statistički značajne razlike izmeðu krila i igrača sa ostalih pozicija u igri u varijablama tjelesne visine, tjelesne mase, obostrano u mjerama dužine ruke i noge, kožnom naboru trbuha, opsegu desne ispružene nadlaktice, ospegu desne savijene nadlaktice, obostrano u mjerama opsega podlaktice i potkoljenice, opsegu desne natkoljenice i opsegu trbuha. Morfološke karakterisitke mogu utjecati na bolji odgovor igrača obzirom na zahtjeve pojedine igračke pozicij

In vitro dissolution/release methods for mucosal delivery systems

In vitro dissolution/release tests are an indispensable tool in the drug product development, its quality control and the regulatory approval process. Mucosal drug delivery systems are designed to provide both local and systemic drug action following ocular, nasal, oromucosal, vaginal or rectal administration. They exhibit significant differences in formulation design, physicochemical characteristics and drug release properties. Therefore it is not possible to devise a single method which would be suitable for release testing of such versatile and complex dosage forms. Different apparatuses and techniques for in vitro release testing for mucosal delivery systems considering the specific conditions at the administration site are described. In general, compendial apparatuses and methods should be used as a first approach in method development when applicable. However, to assure adequate simulation of conditions in vivo, novel biorelevant in vitro dissolution/release methods should be developed. Equipment set up, the selection of dissolution media and volume, membrane type, agitation speed, temperature, and assay analysis technique need to be carefully defined based on mucosal drug delivery system characteristics. All those parameters depend on the delivery system and physiological conditions at the site of application and may vary in a wide range, which will be discussed in details

In vitro dissolution/release methods for mucosal delivery systems

In vitro dissolution/release tests are an indispensable tool in the drug product development, its quality control and the regulatory approval process. Mucosal drug delivery systems are designed to provide both local and systemic drug action following ocular, nasal, oromucosal, vaginal or rectal administration. They exhibit significant differences in formulation design, physicochemical characteristics and drug release properties. Therefore it is not possible to devise a single method which would be suitable for release testing of such versatile and complex dosage forms. Different apparatuses and techniques for in vitro release testing for mucosal delivery systems considering the specific conditions at the administration site are described. In general, compendial apparatuses and methods should be used as a first approach in method development when applicable. However, to assure adequate simulation of conditions in vivo, novel biorelevant in vitro dissolution/release methods should be developed. Equipment set up, the selection of dissolution media and volume, membrane type, agitation speed, temperature, and assay analysis technique need to be carefully defined based on mucosal drug delivery system characteristics. All those parameters depend on the delivery system and physiological conditions at the site of application and may vary in a wide range, which will be discussed in details

Hrvatske smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 [Croatian guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes]

Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes' patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglyce- mia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes

CROATIAN GUIDELINES FOR THE PHARMACOTHERAPY OF TYPE 2 DIABETES

Uvod: Hrvatsko društvo za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora izradilo je 2011. godine prve nacionalne smjernice o prehrani, edukaciji i samokontroli te farmakološkom liječenju šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Sukladno povećanom broju dostupnih lijekova te novim spoznajama o učinkovitosti i sigurnosti primjene već uključenih lijekova, pokazala se potreba za obnovom postojećih smjernica za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u Republici ­Hrvatskoj. Sudionici: Kao koautori Smjernica navedeni su svi članovi Hrvatskog društva za dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Hrvatskoga liječničkog zbora, kao i ostalih uključenih stručnih društava, koji su svojim komentarima i prijedlozima pridonijeli izradi Smjernica. Dokazi: Ove su Smjernice utemeljene na dokazima, prema sustavu GRADE (engl. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) koji uz razinu dokaza opisuje i snagu preporuke. Zaključci: Individualan pristup temeljen na fiziološkim principima regulacije glikemije nuždan je u liječenju osoba sa šećernom bolesti. Ciljeve liječenja i odabir medikamentne terapije treba prilagoditi oboljeloj osobi, uzimajući u obzir životnu dob, trajanje bolesti, očekivano trajanje života, rizik od hipoglikemije, komorbiditete, razvijene vaskularne i ostale komplikacije, kao i ostale čimbenike. Zbog svega navedenoga od nacionalnog je interesa imati praktične, racionalne i provedive smjernice za farmakološko liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2.Introduction: The Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders of the Croatian Medical Association has issued in 2011 the first national guidelines for the nutrition, education, self-control, and pharmacotherapy of ­diabetes type 2. According to the increased number of available medicines and new evidence related to the effectiveness and safety of medicines already involved in the therapy there was a need for update of the existing guidelines for the ­pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes in the Republic of Croatia. Participants: as co-authors of the Guidelines there are listed all members of the Croatian Association for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, as well as other representatives of professional societies within the Croatian Medical Association, who have contributed with comments and suggestions to the development of the Guidelines. Evidence: These guidelines are evidence-based, according to the GRADE system (eng. Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation), which describes the level of evidence and strength of recommendations. Conclusions: An individual patient approach based on physiological principles in blood glucose control is essential for diabetes’ patients management. Glycemic targets and selection of the pharmacological agents should be tailored to the patient, taking into account the age, duration of disease, life expectancy, risk of hypoglycemia, comorbidities, developed vascular and other complications as well as other factors. Because of all this, is of national interest to have a practical, rational and applicable guidelines for the pharmacotherapy of type 2 diabetes

Application of nanomaterials in mechanical engineering

Nanotehnologija je znanost o malim tvarima, reda veličine nanometra. Znanost koja se bavi izučavanjem nanomaterijala podrazumijeva stvaranje, proučavanje, te manipulaciju elementima koji nisu vidljivi golim okom. Moguće je raditi male promjene u strukturi pojedinih elemenata ili materijala, te time utjecati na njihovu izvornu karakteristiku kojom su isti opisani. Takvi novonastali materijali predstavljaju evolucijski napredak svih grana znanosti i struke. Teorijski je moguće iskorijeniti bolesti, produžiti život, stvoriti novu vrstu hrane i pića, zamijeniti odjeću i obuću kvalitetnijom inačicom materijala, a sve to zahvaljujući novoj vrsti izrade i manipulacije materijala na nanometarskoj razini. Oprečno teoriji, praksa pokazuje da još nisu dovoljno razvijeni materijali kojima bi se moglo manipulirati tvarima na tako malenoj veličini, kao i ekonomska isplativost pojedinih procesa zaslužnih za dobivanje novih materijala kvalitenijih svojstava. Eksperimentalnim dijelom rada prikazano je kako nanomaterijali imaju veoma osjetnu prednost, što se tiče karakteristika materijala gotovog proizvoda, naspram klasičnih materijala koji se koriste u svakodnevnoj upotrebi. Naravno, isto tako treba jako dobro promisliti koliko daleko se možemo upustiti u manipulaciju materijalima, te kakve posljedice bi mogle nastati neopreznim načinom upotrebe istih. Stoga je veoma važan čimbenik kod primjene nanomaterijala, poznavati utjecaj društveno-etičkih implikacija na svijest društva, te kuda nas evolucijski napredak vodi.Nanotechnology is a science about small things, things that are the size measured in nanometers. It is a science that focuses on studying nanomaterials and by that it studies creating and manipulating the elements that are not visible by the naked eye. It is possible to do minor changes in the structure of the elements or materials, thus changing their original characteristics by which they are described. Those new materials represent an evolutionary progress of all aspects of today's science. Theoretically, it is possible to wipe out all desieases, prolong our life expectancy, create new types of foods and drinks and even create new types of clothing by enhancing the materials from which they are made of. All of that is possible because of the new type of manufacturing and manipulating materials on a nanometer scale. Opposed to theory, practice shows that the industry is not yet ready for that kind of progress since there are no materials developed that could manipulate matter on such a small scale. The other problem is the economic profitability of particular processes credited for obtaining new materials with better characteristics. With the experimental part of the thesis, it is presented how nanomaterials have a very considerable advantage, as for the characteristics of the final products matter, as opposed to conventional materials that are used every day. On the other hand, we have to think about how far can we go in manipulating the materials and what kind of consequences could happen if we handle those materials recklessly. That being said, knowing the impact of social-ethical implications on our society's consciousness should be an important factor in using nanomaterials. That, and knowing where the evolution progress leads us as a society

Development of fiber optic in vitro release testing method for dexamethasone release from the oil solutions

For many parenteral drugs, there is still no standardized method for in vitro release (IVR) testing available. This article presents the development of a new IVR method for oil solutions using a dialysis membrane and USP II apparatus coupled to a fiber optic UV-Vis spectrometer. Experiments were performed using dexamethasone formulations containing castor oil as a solvent with the addition of cosolvents, 20 % (v/v) of isopropanol or Capryol® 90. Based on solubility testing results, castor oil was chosen as the best solvent amongst other vegetable oils, while a significant increase in solubility was obtained by adding either of the two cosolvents. Partitioning experiments were performed to ensure these formulations could achieve prolonged drug release. IVR testing was performed with model formulations and critical test parameters were varied in order to examine the method’s sensitivity. The developed method was sensitive to temperature and stirring rate, while coupling the USP II apparatus with a fiber optic UV-Vis spectrometer enabled complete automation. Moreover, due to the interference of excipients on fiber optic detection of dexamethasone during the release testing, derivative spectroscopy was successfully introduced for the elimination of the interference. The developed IVR method described herein could be useful in preformulation investigations and the early development of novel formulations