Šeimos samprata: Lietuvos gyventojų subjektyvus požiūris

The aim of the paper is to present a family concept that is characteristic for the population of Lithuania. The research object is the opinion of Lithuanians as to what constitutes their family. The study hypothesis is as such: for the population of Lithuania a family is associated not only with the modern nuclear family, but also with extended family members and people beyond the nuclear and extended families; that means, that the family concept characteristic to the postmodern society is emerging in the minds of people in Lithuania. For the testing of the hypothesis the database of representative quantitative sociological study was used. This study is part of the ESF-funded project “Trajectories of family models and social networks: Intergenerational perspective” (http://famo-socnet.mruni.eu/ en/). For the collection of the empirical data, a questionnaire survey was applied. 2000 residents of Lithuania, representing people born in 1950-1955, 1960-1965, 1970-1975 and 1980-1985 were interviewed. Fieldwork was done between November, 2011 and May, 2012. For analysis of empirical data, descriptive statistical methods were applied. Research results confirm the research hypothesis: in the mind of the population of Lithuania, the concept of family has characteristics that are close to the postmodern family concept. The research findings that prove such a conclusion are as follow: 1) Although the majority of the population (70%) associate their family with the modern nuclear family, Lithuanians are not completely and totally focused on the nuclear family. Among the members of family they identify persons from their extended family and persons beyond the nuclear and extended families. 2) One tenth of population among their family members named first of all persons who cannot be prescribed to the nuclear family, extended family or non-family. They named primarily a partner (boyfriend or cohabitant), a former spouse or a former partner (boyfriend or cohabitant) as family members. This fact demonstrates the orientation of part of the population towards the non-traditional family model. 3) Among other features worth mentioning is the fact that in the concept of family, the kinship of maternal line is dominant. This partly reflects the changing roles and influence of men and women in the family, which is characteristic to the postmodern family. 4) The named family members are not limited to one or two generations and include persons from three or more generations, that is, according to the prominent sociologists, characteristic of the future family.Straipsnio tikslas – pristatyti Lietuvos gyventojų subjektyvią šeimos sampratą. Tyrimo objektas – Lietuvos gyventojų nuomonė apie tai, kas sudaro jų šeimą. Tyrime siekiama atsakyti į klausimą: kokia šeimos samprata yra susiformavusi šalies gyventojų sąmonėje? Tyrime keliama hipotezė, kad Lietuvos gyventojams šeima asocijuojasi ne tik su modernia branduoline šeima (t. y. jos nariais – sutuoktiniu(-e) ir vaikais), bet ir su išplėstinės šeimos nariais bei asmenimis už branduolinės ir išplėstinės šeimos. Pasitvirtinus hipotezei reikštų, kad Lietuvos gyventojų sąmonėje formuojasi postmoderniai visuomenei būdinga šeimos samprata. Hipotezei testuoti panaudoti reprezentatyvaus kiekybinio sociologinio tyrimo, kuris yra sudėtinė ESF finansuojamo projekto „Šeimos modelių trajektorijos ir socialiniai tinklai: tarpgeneracinė perspektyva“ dalis, duomenys. Taikyta anketinė apklausa. 2011 m. lapkričio – 2012 m. gegužės mėn. apklausta 2000 gyventojų, reprezentuojančių 1950–1985 m. gimusius Lietuvos gyventojus. Empirinių duomenų analizei taikyti aprašomosios statistikos metodai. Tyrimo rezultatai patvirtino tyrimo hipotezę ir leidžia daryti prielaidą, kad šalies gyventojų sąmonėje formuojasi postmoderniai visuomenei būdinga šeimos samprata. Tarp svarbesnių tyrimo išvadų paminėtina, jog Lietuvos gyventojai nėra visiškai ir absoliučiai orientuoti į branduolinę šeimą. Tarp savo šeimos narių jie nurodo tiek išplėstinės šeimos narius, tiek ir asmenis už branduolinės ir išplėstinės šeimos

Subjective definition of the family in Lithuania: evidence based on qualitative interviews

The aim of the paper is to present research results on subjective understanding of family among population of Lithuania. The research objectives are to explore the criteria used in defining family, identify persons named as family members and non-family members based on these criteria. The research hypotheses include the following: (1) the list of family members not necessarily include kin only, persons beyond the nuclear and extended families could be named as family members also, and visa versa, persons from nuclear and extended families could be named as non-family members; (2) registered marriage and blood are not the only criteria in subjective definition of the family in Lithuania any more. The test of the hypotheses was based on 60 in-depth qualitative interviews carried out in June – August, 2012 under the research project “Trajectories of Family Models and Social Networks: Intergenerational Perspective”. The research results showed that blood criteria is still important in the definition of the nuclear family of procreation and the nuclear family of orientation, what concerns children and parents. Marriage criteria is important when defining the nuclear family of procreation and what concerns spouses. What concerns other persons, related to kin and non-kin relationship, other criteria play a more important role: mutual help and support, emotional closeness and attachment, close emotional bonds in a certain period of life (childhood, school years, etc.), common activities and interests, life under the same roof, living in a nearby place, belonging to a certain formal or informal community and/or other investment into relationships, etc.Straipsnio tikslas – aptarti Lietuvos gyventojų subjektyvios šeimos sampratos tyrimo rezultatus. Straipsnyje pateikiama kokybinio tyrimo, atlikto įgyvendinant ESF finansuojamą mokslinį projektą „Šeimos modelių trajektorijos ir socialiniai tinklai: tarpgeneracinė perspektyva“, duomenų analizė. Kokybiniai interviu su 60 respondentų atlikti 2012 birželio–rugpjūčio mėnesiais. Tyrimo duomenys atskleidė, kad kraujo ir santuokos ryšiai vis dar svarbūs apibrėžiant branduolinę prokreacinę ir branduolinę orientacinę šeimą. Šie kriterijai ypač reikšmingi nusakant tėvų ir vaikų ryšius, neatsižvelgiant į tėvų ar vaikų gimimo kohortą. Nusakant tolimesnių giminaičių ryšius, svarbesni nei kraujo ryšys kriterijai gali būti amžiaus skirtumas, geografinis ir emocinis atstumas, kt. Atskirais atvejais šie kriterijai tokie svarbūs, kad gali atskirti net tokius artimus kraujo gimines kaip broliai ir seserys. Tuomet kraujo ryšiu susiję asmenys giminėmis lieka tik formaliai. Santuoka kaip šeimos apibrėžties kriterijus taip pat ne visada pasiteisina. Santuoka gali sukurti ryšius, kurie atlaiko atsiradusią įtampą, konfliktus, kitas nepalankias situacijas. Tačiau tokie stiprūs ryšiai dažniausiai susiklosto tik tarp sutuoktinių, o tolimesnių giminaičių atžvilgiu santuoka nėra svarbiausias jungiantis kriterijus. Tyrimo duomenimis, šiandieninėje Lietuvoje subjektyviame šeimos apibrėžime galioja ir kiti nei kraujo ryšio ir santuokos kriterijai: tarpusavio pagalba, emocinis artumas, prisirišimas, bendros veiklos, bendri interesai, gyvenimas po vienu stogu, netolimas atstumas tarp asmenų gyvenamųjų vietų, priklausymas tam tikrai formaliai arba neformaliai bendruomenei bei ir kriterijai, per kuriuos investuojama į tarpusavio ryšius. Šie kriterijai gali lemti, kad tolimi giminaičiai arba net formaliais giminystės ryšiai nesusiję asmenys taps šeimos nariais. Tokiais atvejai kraujo ryšys ir / arba santuokos ryšys nėra būtinas šeimos apibrėžime

Doing Family Across Borders: The Role of Routine Practices, Traditions and Festivities in Lithuania

The chapter present results of research which objective is to identify family practices which mobilise the members of a personal network of Lithuanian residents into a family irrespective of the (non-) existence of blood or marriage relations and the members’ place of residence (in Lithuania or abroad). Hypotheses formulated in the survey were tested against the data of the quantitative representative sociological survey (the fieldwork was carried out in June-July 2018), and the data of quota survey (the fieldwork was carried out in August-September 2018). Both surveys were conducted in Lithuania while implementing the scientific research project “Global Migration and Lithuanian Family: Family Practices, Circulation of Care and Return Strategies”. The research results show that the emigration of a family member makes a personal network more open to individuals not related to them by blood or marriage. At the same time, the members of the family of procreation are less frequent participants in the practices of the daily routine, joint holidays, birthdays or New Year’s Eve celebrations, and that causes danger to the stability of the family or personal network and even to its survival. Though, participation at religious festivities and the Mother and Father’s Day celebrations still remain the practices which strengthens personal and family relationships of emigrant’s members

Lietuvos šeima: socialinių saitų perspektyva

The analysis of quantitative data and testing hypotheses were carried out by applying descriptive statistics, multivariate statistical analysis methods and event history analysis techniques. Calculations were perfomed using a specialized statistical data analysis program SPSS 20; qualitative data analysis was conducted with the program Atlas.ti7.Analizuojant kiekybinius duomenis ir testuojant hipotezes, taikyti aprašomosios statistikos metodai, daugiamatės statistinės analizės metodai, įvykio istorinės analizės metodai (sudarytos išgyvenamumo lentelės), atlikti statistiniai testai. Skaičiavimams atlikti naudota specializuota statistinės duomenų analizės programa IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Kokybinių duomenų analizei pasitelkta specializuota kokybinių duomenų analizės programa Atlas.ti7

The Collaborative Economy in Action: European Perspectives

The book titled The Collaborative Economy in Action: European Perspectives is one of the important outcomes of the COST Action CA16121, From Sharing to Caring: Examining the Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy that was active between March 2017 and September 2021. The Action was funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology - COST. The main objective of the COST Action Sharing and Caring is the development of a European network of researchers and practitioners interested in investigating the collaborative economy models, platforms, and their socio-technological implications. The network involves scholars, practitioners, communities, and policymakers. The COST Action Sharing and Caring helped to connect research initiatives across Europe and enabled scientists to develop their ideas by collaborating with peers. This collaboration opportunity represented a boost for the participants’ research, careers, and innovation potential. The main aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive overview of the collaborative economy in European countries with a variety of its aspects for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon as a whole. For this reason, in July 2017, an open call for country reports was distributed among the members of the COST Action Sharing and Caring. Representatives of the member countries were invited to produce short country reports covering: definition of the CE; types and models of the CE; key stakeholders involved; as well as legislation and technological tools relevant for the CE. Submitted reports varied in length and regarding the level of detail included, in accordance with how much information was available in each respective country at the time of writing. Editors of the book have compiled these early reports into a summary report, which was intended as a first step in mapping the state of the CE in Europe. The Member Countries Report on the Collaborative Economy, edited by Gaia Mosconi, Agnieszka Lukasiewicz, and Gabriela Avram that was published on the Sharing and Caring website, represented its first synergetic outcome and provided an overview of the CE phenomenon as interpreted and manifested in each of the countries part of the network. Additionally, Sergio Nassare-Aznar, Kosjenka Dumančić, and Giulia Priora compiled a Preliminary Legal Analysis of Country Reports on Cases of Collaborative Economy. In 2018, after undertaking an analysis of the previous reports’ strengths and weaknesses, the book editors issued a call for an updated version of these country reports. Prof. Ann Light advised the editorial team, proposing a new format for country reports and 4000 words limit. The template included: Introduction, Definition, Key Questions, Examples, Illustration, Context, Developments, Issues, Other Major Players, and Relevant Literature. The new template was approved by the Management Committee in October 2018. The task force that had supported the production of the first series of country reports acted as mentors for the team of authors in each country. The final reports arrived at the end of 2018, bringing the total number of submissions to 30. A call for book editors was issued, and a new editorial team was formed by volunteers from the participants of the COST Action: Andrzej Klimczuk, Vida Česnuityte, Cristina Miguel, Santa Mijalche, Gabriela Avram, Bori Simonovits, Bálint Balázs, Kostas Stefanidis, and Rafael Laurenti. The editorial team organized the double-blind reviews of reports and communicated to the authors the requirements for improving their texts. After reviews, the authors submitted updated versions of their country reports providing up-to-date interdisciplinary analysis on the state of the CE in 2019, when the reports were collected. During the final phase, the chapters were again reviewed by the lead editors together with all editorial team members. At the time, the intention was to update these reports again just before the end of the COST Action Sharing and Caring in 2021 and to produce a third edition. However, the COVID-19 pandemic changed these plans. Thus, this final volume was created by 82 scholars-editors and contributors-and consists of reports on 27 countries participating in the COST Action. M4 - Citavi

The Collaborative Economy in Action: Context and Outline of Country Reports

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The Sharing Economy in Europe: Developments, Practices, and Contradictions

This open access book considers the development of the sharing and collaborative economy with a European focus, mapping across economic sectors, and country-specific case studies. It looks at the roles the sharing economy plays in sharing and redistribution of goods and services across the population in order to maximise their functionality, monetary exchange, and other aspects important to societies. It also looks at the place of the sharing economy among various policies and how the contexts of public policies, legislation, digital platforms, and other infrastructure interrelate with the development and function of the sharing economy. The book will help in understanding the future economy models as well as to contribute in solving questions of better access to resources and sustainable innovation in the context of degrowth and growing inequalities within and between societies. It will also provide a useful source for solutions to the big challenges of our times such as climate change, the loss of biodiversity, and recently the coronavirus disease pandemic. This book will be of interest to academics and students in economics and business, organisational studies, sociology, media and communication and computer science

The Sharing Economy in Europe: From Idea to Reality

CC BY 4.0This chapter explains the rationale behind the book. It provides basic definitions of the concept of the sharing economy as well as the primary meanings related to the subject of the analysis undertaken in the subsequent chapters. This Introduction also includes a description of the main benefits of the analysis of the sharing economy from a European perspective. It highlights that the idea of the book emerged from the collaboration of most co-authors in the COST Action CA16121 ‘From Sharing to Caring: Examining Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy.’ Finally, the outline of the book is presented, providing a description of the content of each chapter within this academic collection

The State and Critical Assessment of the Sharing Economy in Europe

CC BY 4.0The chapter is the final one in the volume of collected papers aiming to discuss the sharing economy in Europe. The idea of the book emerged within the research network created by the COST Action CA16121 ‘From Sharing to Caring: Examining Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy.’ The authors of the chapter sum up theoretical and empirical materials as well as country-specific cases provided in the book. The article critically assesses the current status of the sharing economy in European countries by highlighting major controversial issues related to deregulation, market disruption, or social inequality. The authors conclude that, considering the comprehensive and up-to-date materials collected and analysed in the book, it may become an outstanding source of knowledge and a practical tool in the process of expansion of the sharing economy in Europe and beyond

The Sharing Economy in Europe: From Idea to Reality

This chapter explains the rationale behind the book. It provides basic definitions of the concept of the sharing economy as well as the primary meanings related to the subject of the analysis undertaken in the subsequent chapters. This Introduction also includes a description of the main benefits of the analysis of the sharing economy from a European perspective. It highlights that the idea of the book emerged from the collaboration of most co-authors in the COST Action CA16121 ‘From Sharing to Caring: Examining Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy.’ Finally, the outline of the book is presented, providing a description of the content of each chapter within this academic collection