The Garden City Concept: from Theory to Implementation : Case Study: Professors' Colony in Belgrade

This paper presents a part of the town-planning history of the capital of Serbia — Belgrade. The subject of the research* is the analysis of the application of Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City Concept in Belgrade in the third decade of the twentieth century. Special attention was devoted to the urban discourse in the first decades of the last century. The narrower referential framework of this work focuses on investigating the urban growth and development of Belgrade in the first decades of the twentieth century. In Belgrade there are dwelling quarters that were created in the period between the World Wars as a direct consequence of the implementation of the Garden City Concept. One of the basic thesis of this work elaborates the modes of the genesis of one of them — the Professors’ Colony, and seeks to distinguish specific applications of the Garden City Concept in relation to Belgrade’s specific social conditions

Hydrolysis of sunflower seed meal lignocellulosic fraction by free and immobilized cellulases

Lignocellulosic biomass is widely abundant in nature and recognized aspotential renewable energy source. Its efficient transformation into bio-basedfuels is enabled only after adequate pretreatment, followed by enzymaticsacharification and microbial fermentation. Hereby we present application of twocellulase preparations – from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei (Celluclast®)in treating sunflower seed meal lignocellulosic fraction (SSMLF). Temperature andpH optimums of two enzymes were determined – 52 °C and pH4.8 for A. nigercellulase and 55 °C and pH4.5 for Celluclast®. At optimized conditions, milledSSMLF was hydrolyzed by both biocatalysts. With A. niger cellulase higher initialreaction rates were accomplished and yield of 70 mM glucose equivalent wasobtained with 6 % (w/v) of enzyme after 6 hours. On the other hand, applicationof Celluclast® led to lower initial reaction rates and yielded 25 mM of glucoseequivalent with 10 % (v/v) of enzyme. To ensure cost-effective application ofA. niger cellulase, the possibility of its immobilization on different supports wasinvestigated. By using porous methacrylate-based carrier with C6 spacer arm andprimary amino groups – LifetechTM ECR8409, preparation with highest activity wasproduced. This preparation was successfully applied in saccharification of SSMLFand showed unchanged catalytic efficiency comparing to free enzyme

OSNOVNE KARAKTERISTIKE ŠERIJATSKOG KRIVIČNOG PRAVA U POREĐENJU SA DOMINANTNIM KRIVIČNOPRAVNIM SISTEMIMA

Sharia law is one of the so-called great legal systems. This article deals with Sharia criminal law (Uqubat) and its basic characteristics. The aim is to draw attention to its basic features, in order to make general comparison with the dominant criminal law systems, which include the euro-continental and Anglo-Saxon law systems. It is not difficult to conclude, that the Sharia law, including its criminal law part, as a sacred law, is quite different from the secular legal system. Nevertheless, we should find some connection points, which certainly exist, because, among other things, as one of the sources of International Criminal Law, occurring general principles of criminal law recognized by the community of nations.Šerijatsko pravo spada u red tzv. velikih pravnih sistema. Ovaj tekst je posvećen šerijatskom krivičnom pravu (ukubat; uqubat), odnosno njegovim osnovnim karakteristikama. Cilj rada je da se ukaže na njegova osnovna obeležja, da bi se napravila načelna komparacija sa dominantnim krivičnopravnim sistemima, u koje spadaju evrokontinentalni i anglosaksonski. Naime, nije teško zaključiti da se šerijatsko pravo, uključujući i njegov krivičnopravni deo, kao sakralno pravo, poprilično razlikuje od sekularnih pravnih sistema. Međutim, treba pronaći i neke tačke vezivanja kojih svakako da ima, jer se, između ostalog, kao jedan od izvora međunarodnog krivičnog prava javljaju opšta načela krivičnog prava koje priznaje zajednica država

KRIMINOLOŠKI ASPEKTI KOREKTIVNIH SILOVANJA LEZBEJKI U JUŽNOAFRIČKOJ REPUBLICI

Corrective rapes are extremely big problem with which is facing South African society. It is caused by increasing intolerance towards members of LGBT society and that increase is followed by the increase of corrective rapes. The aim of this article is to represent the problem of corrective rapes from criminology point of view. Related to that, authors will defne corrective rapes, represent their legal nature and its’ specifc elements by which they are different from other rapes. We will explain the causes and consequences of corrective rapes and possibility of prevention of this form of sexual violence.Korektivna silovanja predstavljaju veliki problem po južnoafričko društvo, s obzirom da je netrepeljivost prema pripadnicima LGBT populacije u porastu, a tom porastu korespondira porast korektivnih silovanja. Cilj ovog rada je predstaviti problematiku korektivnih silovanja lezbejki u Južnoafričkoj republici, sa kriminološkog uklona. S tim u vezi autorice će u radu dati defniciju korektivnih silovanja, ukazati na njihovu pravnu prirodu i specifčnosti po kojima se razlikuju u odnosu na silovanje. Osim toga, autorice će ukazati na uzroke i posljedice korektivnih silovanja lezbejki, te se posebno osvrnuti na mogućnost prevencije ove vrste seksualnog nasilja

From Ottoman Gardens to European Parks: Transformation of Green Spaces in Belgrade

At the turn of the 20th century, there was a striving in Europe to establish a balance between the constructed city fabric and green space. Parks and squares with greenery became just as important as showcase buildings and entities within the city center. This paper investigates Belgrade’s green areas, taking a concise look at their transformation in the historical context: changes in the city center during the 19th century, and concern for health and hygiene in the first half of the 20th century. The paper presents the production of green spaces in Belgrade’s city center through the metamorphosis of devastated and abandoned public and private spaces, and through the creation of new green areas. This paper examines the relationship between culture and nature in Belgrade, within the context of its urban history, and its place values, changed by the new capitalist production of space

Morphological, physiological and population traits of the peripheral populations of the meadow lizard (Darevskia praticola) in Serbia

The meadow lizard (Darevskia praticola) is a small lacertid species that usually lives in shaded and moist, forest habitats. The western limit of its distribution range with peripheral populations is located in the territory of Serbia. Since peripheral populations can in many aspects be significantly different from central populations the subject of this dissertation was to: recognize the environmental parameters that limit the expansion of the species range, analyse populations’ traits and habitats, compare the levels of environmental stress in central and peripheral populations by analysing the levels of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and condition indices of mass, as well as to examine the ecophysiological traits of the species. Ecological niche modelling indicated two significant factors that limit the distribution of the meadow lizard – narrow climate tolerance and deforestation. Analysis of central and peripheral populations showed that they did not differ in density, that they had a similar proportion of adults and a similar sex ratio. Females were larger than males, while the body size was not correlated with altitude and latitude and it did not differ between the two types of populations. Condition indices were lower in males from central populations and from populations with a larger number of predatory reptile species. However, no differences in FA levels were observed between central and peripheral populations. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the meadow lizard had developed mechanisms for conserving water in the body and that its range of selected temperatures was lower than in most lacertid lizards. The conclusion is that the activity and distribution of the meadow lizard are likely limited by the thermal requirements of the species, and that its observed association with humid habitats is likely a result of the selection of habitats that match its preferred temperatures

THE MEDIAEVAL ICON OF THE ELEUSE MADONNA IN ZADAR

There was a smail silver framed icon of the Eleuse Madonna in the Orthodox Church of St. Elias in Zadar, of which only a few painted parts are still extant. The silver framing has a unique ornament, produced by pressure, that is always repeated: it is a motif of interlaced concentric circles with a small stylized folower in the middle. The centre part of the framing consists of a plate cut along the outline of the body of the four separate silver bands, one each side. The whole silver framing is too large an ornament for such a small icon. It had, obviously, been prepared for an icon of a larger size. Similar patterns were to be found in the prominent centres of the Balkan Peninsula. The ornament as such and the skill of working it into the shape: the two-dimensional tretment with the use of a plastically wrought band for the tracing of motifs – a characteristic Byzantine way in the working out of precious metals and even of stone and wood – belongs to the period of about the middle to the end of the 15th century. The small icon in Zadar, judging from the minimum that has remained of its painted part and taking into consideration the silver outline in the first place, has been created somewhere at the beginning of that period, that is before the mid-15th century. It is not known either when or how this icon reached the St. Elias church in Zadar; by considering its size, however, it originally had probably been made for private use and was later presented to the church

Morphological, physiological and population traits of the peripheral populations of the meadow lizard (Darevskia praticola) in Serbia

Šumski gušter (Darevskia praticola) je mala lacertidna vrsta koja živi na zasenčenim i vlažnim, najčešće šumskim staništima. Zapadna granica njegovog areala, sa perifernim populacijama, nalazi se na teritoriji Srbije. Kako periferne populacije u mnogim aspektima mogu biti značajno različite od centralnih populacija predmet ove disertacije je bio: prepoznavanje sredinskih parametara koji ograničavaju širenje areala vrste, analiza odlika populacija i njihovih staništa, poređenje nivoa sredinskog stresa u centralnim i perifernim populacijama analizom nivoa fluktuirajuće asimetrije (FA) i kondicionog indeksa mase, kao i ispitivanje ekofizioloških osobina vrste. Modeliranje ekološke niše je ukazalo na dva značajna faktora koji ograničavaju rasprostranjenje šumskog guštera – uska klimatska tolerancija i deforestacija. Analiza centralnih i perifernih populacija je pokazala da se one nisu razlikovale po gustini, da su imale sličnu proporciju adultnih jedinki i sličan odnos polova. Ženke su bile veće od mužjaka, pri čemu veličina tela nije bila korelisana sa nadmorskom visinom i geografskom širinom i nije se razlikovala između dva tipa populacija. Kondicioni indeksi su bili niži kod mužjaka iz centralnih populacija i iz populacija sa većim brojem predatorskih vrsta gmizavaca. Međutim, između centralnih i perifernih populacija nisu uočene razlike u nivou FA. Eksperimentalno je pokazano da šumski gušter ima razvijene mehanizme za očuvanje vode u telu i da je njegov opseg odabranih temperatura niži u odnosu na većinu lacertidnih guštera. Zaključak je da su aktivnost i rasprostranjenje šumskog guštera najverovatnije ograničeni termalnim potrebama vrste, a da je primećena asocijacija sa vlažnim staništima verovatno rezultat odabira staništa koja odgovaraju njegovim preferiranim temperaturama.The meadow lizard (Darevskia praticola) is a small lacertid species that usually lives in shaded and moist, forest habitats. The western limit of its distribution range with peripheral populations is located in the territory of Serbia. Since peripheral populations can in many aspects be significantly different from central populations the subject of this dissertation was to: recognize the environmental parameters that limit the expansion of the species range, analyse populations’ traits and habitats, compare the levels of environmental stress in central and peripheral populations by analysing the levels of fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and condition indices of mass, as well as to examine the ecophysiological traits of the species. Ecological niche modelling indicated two significant factors that limit the distribution of the meadow lizard – narrow climate tolerance and deforestation. Analysis of central and peripheral populations showed that they did not differ in density, that they had a similar proportion of adults and a similar sex ratio. Females were larger than males, while the body size was not correlated with altitude and latitude and it did not differ between the two types of populations. Condition indices were lower in males from central populations and from populations with a larger number of predatory reptile species. However, no differences in FA levels were observed between central and peripheral populations. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the meadow lizard had developed mechanisms for conserving water in the body and that its range of selected temperatures was lower than in most lacertid lizards. The conclusion is that the activity and distribution of the meadow lizard are likely limited by the thermal requirements of the species, and that its observed association with humi

Historical Enquiry as a Critical Method in Urban Riverscape Revisions: The Case of Belgrade's Confluence

This article aims to underline the necessity of including historical enquiry in reaching the complex goals of sustainable development of urban riverscapes. Its proposed method is a survey conducted through selection, interpretation and systematization of the relevant historical data that consider the Belgrade cityscape, and specifically, the New Belgrade public spaces at the river confluence. The theoretical framework, which relies on the concepts of 'landscape urbanism' and 'critical practice of landscape architecture', has affected the selection and interpretation of dense historical layers of modernization, formed in diverse socio-economic and political conditions. We have distinguished five historical strata that contribute significantly to comprehension of the present state. By looking at the traces of the formative period of Belgrade urban landscape, the moments of New Belgrade's inception, inerasable impacts of war, vigorous post WWII socialist transformation and, finally, the series of Danube riverscape revisions, we intend to depict the complexity of the modern city legacy and thus stress the interconnectedness of past and future endeavours. As a counterpoint to globalizing tendencies in re-designing city riverfronts, this work is conceived as a lateral contribution to a broader investigation that informs, supports and constitutes more ecologically viable practices