Welfare technology dilemmas facing young people with intellectual impairment–some illustrated theoretical explorations

The introduction of new technologies, specifically Welfare Technology, is examined in this article. Illustrative examples and experiences from young adults with intellectual impairments are provided as input to our theoretical discussions. A theoretical examination of dilemmas linked to the development and introduction of WT technology within the welfare society is offered, with challenges and dilemmas linked to inclusion and exclusion. Enhanced inclusion may be supported by WT technology and promote possibilities for self-determination. On the other hand, necessities to provide surveillance may stigmatize a person as someone unlikely to take responsibility for his/her own life. Special attention is offered in this respect to issues of ambiguities and dilemmas regarding the introduction of WT in the areas of health care and social work. Three issues will be explored in relation to this area: Knowledge- and skill requirements, technological challenges and involvement/user participation accompanying control and monitoring purposes.acceptedVersio

Lost in translation i møte med det offentlige

By examining material from a sociological study of face-to-face interaction taking place in social welfare offices in Norway, questions linked to different contextual aspects within these contexts are targeted in this article. Results are compiled from observations of interpreted dialogues between Norwegian social workers and their clients from minority groups of refugees and immigrants. Additionally, the article presents a discussion of two different models of communication in analysing interpreted dialogues

Idømmelse av forvaring når siktede er under 18 år. En klarlegging av vilkårene i straffeloven § 40

Temaet for denne oppgaven er idømmelse av forvaring overfor barn, med fokus på hvordan vilkårene for forvaring skal forstås. Idømmelse av forvaring overfor barn har i senere tid fått oppmerksomhet både i rettspraksis og media. På denne bakgrunn er problemsstillingen for oppgaven som følger: Hvordan skal adgangen til å idømme forvaring etter strl. § 40 forstås når siktede er under 18 år? Det er helt klart at adgangen til å dømme barn til forvaring er reservert til de helt spesielle tilfellene. Ettersom det likevel er knyttet en rekke uklarheter til hvordan denne snevre adgangen skal forstås, er det behov for å studere denne snevre adgangen nærmere. I oppgaven gjøres det en studie av hvordan adgangen pr. 2018 må forstås.MasteroppgaveJUS39

Evolutionary origins of teeth in jawed vertebrates: conflicting data from acanthothoracid dental plates (‘Placodermi’)

© The Authors. Palaeontology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Palaeontological Association. doi: 10.1111/pala.12318 829. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

A new rhynchocephalian from the late jurassic of Germany with a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods.

Rhynchocephalians, the sister group of squamates (lizards and snakes), are only represented by the single genus Sphenodon today. This taxon is often considered to represent a very conservative lineage. However, rhynchocephalians were common during the late Triassic to latest Jurassic periods, but rapidly declined afterwards, which is generally attributed to their supposedly adaptive inferiority to squamates and/or Mesozoic mammals, which radiated at that time. New finds of Mesozoic rhynchocephalians can thus provide important new information on the evolutionary history of the group. A new fossil relative of Sphenodon from the latest Jurassic of southern Germany, Oenosaurus muehlheimensis gen. et sp. nov., presents a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods. The dentition of this taxon consists of massive, continuously growing tooth plates, probably indicating a crushing dentition, thus representing a previously unknown trophic adaptation in rhynchocephalians. The evolution of the extraordinary dentition of Oenosaurus from the already highly specialized Zahnanlage generally present in derived rhynchocephalians demonstrates an unexpected evolutionary plasticity of these animals. Together with other lines of evidence, this seriously casts doubts on the assumption that rhynchocephalians are a conservative and adaptively inferior lineage. Furthermore, the new taxon underlines the high morphological and ecological diversity of rhynchocephalians in the latest Jurassic of Europe, just before the decline of this lineage on this continent. Thus, selection pressure by radiating squamates or Mesozoic mammals alone might not be sufficient to explain the demise of the clade in the Late Mesozoic, and climate change in the course of the fragmentation of the supercontinent of Pangaea might have played a major role

Ultrastructure of calcified cartilage in the endoskeletal tesserae of sharks

The tesserate pattern of endoskeletal calcification has been investigated in jaws, gill arches, vertebral arches and fins of the sharks Carcharhinus menisorrah, Triaenodon obesus and Negaprion brevirostris by techniques of light and electron microscopy. Individual tesserae develop peripherally at the boundary between cartilage and perichondrium. An inner zone, the body, is composed of calcified cartilage containing viable chondrocytes separated by basophilic contour lines which have been called Liesegang waves or rings. The outer zone of tesserae, the cap, is composed of calcified tissue which appears to be produced by perichondrial fibroblasts more directly, i.e., without first differentiating as chondroblasts. Furthermore, the cap zone is penetrated by acidophilic Sharpey fibers of collagen. It is suggested that scleroblasts of the cap zone could be classified as osteoblasts. If so, the cap could be considered a thin veneer of bone atop the calcified cartilage of the body of a tessera. By scanning electron microscopy it was observed that outer and inner surfaces of tesserae differ in appearance. Calcospherites and hydroxyapatite crystals similar to those commonly seen on the surface of bone are present on the outer surface of the tessera adjacent to the perichondrium. On the inner surface adjoining hyaline cartilage, however, calcospherites of variable size are the predominant surface feature. Transmission electron microscopy shows calcification in close association with coarse collagen fibrils on the outer side of a tessera, but such fibrils are absent from the cartilaginous matrix along the under side of tesserae. Calcified cartilage as a tissue type in the endoskeleton of sharks is a primitive vertebrate characteristic. Calcification in the tesserate pattern occurring in modern Chondrichthyes may be derived from an ancestral pattern of a continuous bed of calcified cartilage underlying a layer of perichondral bone, as theorized by Ørvig (1951); or the tesserate pattern in these fish may itself be primitive.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50272/1/1051600106_ftp.pd

The dermal skeleton of the jawless vertebrate Tremataspis mammilata (Osteostraci, stem-Gnathostomata)

Osteostracans are the closest jawless relatives of jawed vertebrates, informing the gradual assembly of the vertebrate mineralised skeleton. Conflicting interpretations of their dermal skeletal histology arise from failure to account for topological variation, obscuring their significance in elucidating vertebrate skeletal evolution. To resolve this, we characterize the cranial and trunk dermal skeleton of a single individual of Tremataspis mammilata (Osteostraci, Thyestiida) at submicron resolution using synchrotron tomography. Our results show that the architecture of the Tremataspis dermal skeleton is, for the most part, conserved over the skeleton and is broadly consistent with previous histological hypotheses based on 2-dimensional thin section study. We resolve debate over the homology of the basal layer, identifying it as osteogenic acellular isopedin rather than odontogenic elasmodine or metaplastic ossification of the stratum compactum of the dermis. We find topological variation between all dermal skeletal elements studied, and particularly between the cranial and postcranial dermal skeleton. This variation can be largely explained by reduction in differentiation due to geometric constraints imposed within smaller skeletal elements, such as scales. Our description of the dermal skeleton of Tremataspis mammilata provides a foundation for interpreting data from cursory topological samples of dermal skeletal diversity obtained in other osteostracans. This reveals general aspects of histological structure that must be primitive for osteostracans and, likely, ancestral jawed vertebrates. Finally, we draw the distinction between hypotheses and descriptions in palaeohistology