45 research outputs found

    Emotional discomfort among school staff and student teachers when they had to 'tell' or 'not tell' about vague suspicions of domestic violence

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    Background: Many employees in schools and kindergartens fail to report vague suspicions (e.g., inadequate clothing, signs of anxiety or lack of sleep, being verbally violent to peers) that children are victims of domestic violence because they are unsure whether their suspicions are well founded. Objective: We investigated the degree of emotional discomfort among school staff and student teachers when they had to 'tell ’ or ‘ not tell ’ about vague suspicions of domestic violence. We assumed that they would experience more emotional discomfort when they did not report such vague suspicions. Participants and setting: Seventy-one teachers and student teachers (20 men and 51 women; average age: 25, age range: 18 – 62) were recruited from three primary and lower secondary schools. Methods: We used an experimental design in this quantitative vignette study, and the particiants were asked to respond to 54 statements that were related to the need for acceptance by others, seriousness, appraisals (e.g. social self-image and self-image) and self-critical feelings (e.g. rejection, shame, and inferiority). Results: The results of the experimental study show that participants who did not tell about their vague suspicions of violence reported this as being more serious ( p < .05), had a more negative self-appraisal ( p < .05) and reported a higher degree of negative feelings ( p < .05). The study sheds light on the seriousness of ‘ not telling ’ about vague suspicions, and shows that ‘ not telling ’ is reported as being more emotionally uncomfortable than ‘ telling ’Emotional discomfort among school staff and student teachers when they had to 'tell' or 'not tell' about vague suspicions of domestic violencepublishedVersio

    Naturskadeforsikrings- og erstatningsordninger i seks land

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    Denne studien har kartlagt ansvarsfordelingen og viktige etater for klimatilpasning i Norge, Sverige, Finland, Tyskland, Frankrike og Canada. Rapporten presenterer ordningene for naturskadeerstatning og/eller forsikring i de nevnte landene for Ă„ avdekke hvor stor grad det ligger insentiver til forebygging, fremfor gjenoppretting, i ordningene. Rapporten er basert pĂ„ en kombinasjon av dokumentstudier og dybdeintervjuer med representanter fra myndigheter og/eller forsikrings-/finansforbund i de respektive land. Kommunene har hovedansvar for gjennomfĂžring og oppfĂžlging av klimatilpasning i alle landene i studien. Øverste ansvarlige myndighet og involverte underorganer varierer mellom landene, men strukturen pĂ„ ansvarsfordelingen har en rekke likhetstrekk. Ansvarsfordelingen er i stor grad definert, og ofte lovbestemt. Tyskland og Canada skiller seg mest ut i studien, hovedsakelig som fĂžlge av at de er forbundsstater, og at ansvarsfordelingen for klimatilpasning reflekterer dette. Klimatilpasning er et relativt nytt fokusomrĂ„de sammenliknet med arbeidet for reduksjon av klimagassutslipp. EU er blitt en pĂ„driver for klimatilpasningsarbeid i Europa og lanserte i 2013 unionens strategi for klimatilpasning. Strategien legger vekt pĂ„ Ă„ styrke beslutningsgrunnlaget for klimatiltak og stĂžtte opp om koordinering og finansiering av handling pĂ„ nasjonalt nivĂ„. Strategien legger ansvaret for utforming av tiltak til hvert enkelt medlemsland og subsidierer tiltak for Ă„ utvikle de nasjonale kunnskapsgrunnlagene som igjen legger grunnlaget for Ă„ identifisere tiltak. Dekning (kompensasjon) av naturskader pĂ„ eiendom bestĂ„r generelt av tre deler; ‱ Forsikring ‱ Selvassuranse (eieren mĂ„ vĂŠre forberedt pĂ„ Ă„ dekke kostnadene ved eventuelle skader selv) ‱ Statlige midler fra regjeringen, departementet eller regionalt myndighetsnivĂ„ De ulike ordningene utlĂžses av ulike skadeĂ„rsaker og skadeobjekter. Hvilke skadeĂ„rsaker og skadeobjekter de ulike ordningene dekker varierer mellom landene i studien. Grensene mellom ordningene kan vĂŠre uklare, blant annet gjennom statens rolle som formell og uformell reassurandĂžr av forsikringsselskapene. I Finland har det forelĂžpig ikke vĂŠrt behov for Ă„ etablere et statlig sikkerhetsnett i form av regionale, nasjonale eller EU-midler. I Norge og Frankrike er naturskadeerstatnings- og forsikringsordningene delvis offentlige. Dette innebĂŠrer at ordningene er solidariske, og at forsikringspremien ikke er risikobasert. I Frankrike er kompensasjonsordningen ved naturskade organisert som et fond, finansiert av en viss andel (12 prosent) av forsikringspremiene. Denne andelen har Ăžkt over tid, og finansierer ogsĂ„ klimatilpasningstiltak som overvĂ„kning, kartlegging, kommunale planer, studier og informasjonsspredning, samt ekspropriasjon og evakuering. I Norge er andelen av brannforsikringspremien som Ăžremerkes til Ă„ erstatte naturskader pĂ„ 0,065 promille, men dekker primĂŠrt gjenoppretting til opprinnelig standard. I Sverige, Finland, Tyskland og Canada er ordningene i all hovedsak private forsikringsordninger. I Sverige, Finland og Canada omtales forsikring av bygninger allikevel som semi-frivillig, ettersom bankene krever at lĂ„ntakeren har tegnet forsikring fĂžr de innvilger lĂ„n. Dersom man ikke trenger Ă„ ta opp lĂ„n, er tegning av forsikring frivillig. Dekningsgraden i disse landene er derfor omtrent like hĂžy som dekningsgraden i Norge og Frankrike. En privat ordning gir insentiver til forebygging gjennom egenandeler og risikobaserte premier. Samtidig kan eksistensen av et parallelt, statlig sikkerhetsnett dempe insitamentene for forebygging av naturskader. Et annet element som demper insentivene til forebygging av skade, er at det i dag er vanlig praksis blant forsikringsselskapene Ă„ dekke kostnadene til gjenoppretting ut over opprinnelig standard etter en naturskade. Noen forsikringsselskap legger inn veiledning til klimatilpasningstiltak i forsikringsavtalen, og forsikringstaker kan fĂ„ avkortning dersom disse ikke er hensyntatt. Selv om det finnes enkelte insitamenter i og utenfor ordningene, vurderes det som for passivt i forhold til forventninger til effektene av klimaendringer. Det er opp til hvert enkelt forsikringsselskap Ă„ tilby ulike tilleggsforsikringer, men privat infrastruktur dekkes som regel ikke. I Norge har man en egen statlig ordning som erstatter naturskader pĂ„ privat infrastruktur, som veier, kaier og moloer. Store private selskaper kan tegne egne forsikringsavtaler pĂ„ infrastruktur. Dette har blitt gjort blant annet pĂ„ enkelte bruer i Sverige, flytog-infrastrukturen fra Arlanda og pĂ„ jernbaneinfrastrukturen i Norge. Statlige aktĂžrer er selvassurandĂžrer i alle land. Naturskadeforsikrings- og erstatningsordningene i de ulike landene er ulike, og samtlige av ordningene har nylig blitt endret eller er under endring. Det er allikevel ikke mulig Ă„ se en generell trend i utviklingen. Finland gikk fra en privat-offentlig ordning til privat ordning i 2014, samtidig som Canada er i ferd med Ă„ utvide de offentlige ordningene som fĂžlge av at det private markedet ikke tilbyr tilfredsstillende flomforsikring. Den norske ordningen er utredet, men det er forelĂžpig ikke blitt vedtatt noen endring. Det solidariske elementet gjĂžr at bĂ„de det norske og det franske systemet har hĂžy kredibilitet. Andre omrĂ„der hvor insentiv for klimatilpasning kan komplementere insentivene i dagens forsikrings- og erstatningsordninger inkluderer byggtekniske forskrifter og klimatilpasningslĂ„n. Byggtekniske forskrifter kan bidra til Ă„ Ăžke insentivene for forebygging gjennom Ă„ kreve stĂžrre grad av klimatilpasning. Flere land er i ferd med Ă„ revidere og inkludere klimatilpasningstiltak i de byggtekniske forskriftene, men forelĂžpig er det liten grad av spesifikke krav. Markedet for grĂžnne obligasjoner er sterkt voksende, og klimatilpasningslĂ„n kan videre bli en insentivordning pĂ„ lik linje med grĂžnne lĂ„n for energieffektive bygg. Satt i sammenheng kan for eksempel forsikringspremie avhenge av tiltak som ogsĂ„ utlĂžser klimatilpasningslĂ„n og sertifisering av klimatilpassede bygninger. Dette krever imidlertid ogsĂ„ en utvikling av klimatilpasningsindikatorer. En naturlig viderefĂžring av dette studiet er Ă„ utvikle alternative utforminger av naturskadeforsikrings- og erstatningsordningen som bĂ„de beholder solidaritetsprinsippet, samtidig som de gir ytterligere insentiver til forebygging av naturskader.publishedVersio

    Punktlighet i jernbanen - hvert sekund teller

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    Denne boken gir en innfĂžring i punktlighetsarbeid for jernbane, og er ment som et supplement til annen litteratur som finnes pĂ„ omrĂ„det. Boken er basert pĂ„ forsknings‐ og utviklingsarbeid utfĂžrt ved SINTEF, Norges teknisk‐naturvitenskapelige universitet (NTNU) og TransportĂžkonomisk institutt (TØI) i samarbeid med de stĂžrste aktĂžrene i norsk jernbanesektor. Jernbanen er et komplekst og sammensatt trafikksystem der kravene til kvalitet og presisjon er stadig Ăžkende. En av de mest sentrale kvalitetsindikatorene ved transport er punktlighet. Gjennom en serie stĂžrre forskningsprosjekter de siste 10–15 Ă„rene har aktĂžrer i norsk jernbanesektor i fellesskap utviklet kunnskap og lĂžsninger for Ă„ nĂ„ mĂ„let om god punktlighet og forutsigbarhet i togtrafikken. Jernbaneverket har vĂŠrt prosjekteier for disse prosjektene, SINTEF, TØI og NTNU har vĂŠrt utĂžvende forskningspartnere, mens CargoNet, NSB og Flytoget har deltatt i arbeidet. Prosjektene ble finansiert av Norges forskningsrĂ„d og de deltakende organisasjonene. Denne boken bygger pĂ„ resultatene fra forskningsprosjektene og fokuserer pĂ„ analyser av punktlighetsdata. Vi vil takke alle som har bidratt til Ă„ realisere denne boken; bĂ„de i utarbeidelsen av boken og gjennom finansiering og gjennomfĂžring av de forutgĂ„ende forskningsprosjektene. Framtiden er spennende – framtiden gĂ„r pĂ„ skinner!publishedVersio

    Punktlighet i jernbanen - hvert sekund teller

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    Denne boken gir en innfĂžring i punktlighetsarbeid for jernbane, og er ment som et supplement til annen litteratur som finnes pĂ„ omrĂ„det. Boken er basert pĂ„ forsknings‐ og utviklingsarbeid utfĂžrt ved SINTEF, Norges teknisk‐naturvitenskapelige universitet (NTNU) og TransportĂžkonomisk institutt (TØI) i samarbeid med de stĂžrste aktĂžrene i norsk jernbanesektor. Jernbanen er et komplekst og sammensatt trafikksystem der kravene til kvalitet og presisjon er stadig Ăžkende. En av de mest sentrale kvalitetsindikatorene ved transport er punktlighet. Gjennom en serie stĂžrre forskningsprosjekter de siste 10–15 Ă„rene har aktĂžrer i norsk jernbanesektor i fellesskap utviklet kunnskap og lĂžsninger for Ă„ nĂ„ mĂ„let om god punktlighet og forutsigbarhet i togtrafikken. Jernbaneverket har vĂŠrt prosjekteier for disse prosjektene, SINTEF, TØI og NTNU har vĂŠrt utĂžvende forskningspartnere, mens CargoNet, NSB og Flytoget har deltatt i arbeidet. Prosjektene ble finansiert av Norges forskningsrĂ„d og de deltakende organisasjonene. Denne boken bygger pĂ„ resultatene fra forskningsprosjektene og fokuserer pĂ„ analyser av punktlighetsdata. Vi vil takke alle som har bidratt til Ă„ realisere denne boken; bĂ„de i utarbeidelsen av boken og gjennom finansiering og gjennomfĂžring av de forutgĂ„ende forskningsprosjektene. Framtiden er spennende – framtiden gĂ„r pĂ„ skinner!publishedVersio

    Skogens helsetilstand i Norge. Resultater fra skogskadeovervÄkingen i 2020

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    Skogens helsetilstand pÄvirkes i stor grad av klima og vÊrforhold, enten direkte ved tÞrke, frost og vind, eller indirekte ved at klimaet pÄvirker omfanget av soppsykdommer og insektangrep. Klimaendringene og den forventede Þkningen i klimarelaterte skogskader gir store utfordringer for forvaltningen av framtidas skogressurser. Det samme gjÞr invaderende skadegjÞrere, bÄde allerede etablerte arter og nye som kan komme til Norge i nÊr framtid. I denne rapporten presenteres resultater fra skogskadeovervÄkingen i Norge i 2020 og trender over tid

    A Comprehensive Completion Method Selection Based on Probability and Impact Matrix for Iris Production HPHT Well

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    Master's thesis in Petroleum EngineeringHPHT well completion require special attention to well design. The conservatism of well completion is constantly put to the test by introducing and qualifying new equipment meant to enhance well performance, minimize HS&E risks, and provide a cost-effective design. Multiple operators on the Norwegian Continental Shelf has completed high-pressure, high-temperature wells with different completions and results. OMV (Norge) AS is set to look into a field development for PL 644 Hades/Iris field, and operational experience become highly valuable for their well completion strategy. Completing a well requires the need to select the most ideal method. The reservoir completion needs to be designed to provide the most optimal exposure and flow of hydrocarbons. Providing an open hole completion introduce specific risks and considerations, so will a perforated liner. Completion fluids, perforation explosives, completion limitations and operational readiness for HPHT field is among many factors to influence the selection. The need for reservoir isolation contributes to additional considerations and risks, which again will influence the method selection with respect to well integrity. Tubing selection, packer design and load cases will dictate the upper completion method selection. This thesis shall provide a general method assessment of important completion components from reservoir to wellhead, where risks encountered from previous field developments is included. By using real well information obtained from 6506/11-11S Iris Appraisal, a new production well shall be studied and completed. The method selection process will be carried out by a risk assessment matrix. Basing the likelihood and consequence of the identified risks, the risk level can be determined. This qualitative methodology is common in the industry and provide a straightforward overview of the mapped risks. Based on the results from the risk register presented in this thesis, a method selection of lower, middle, and upper completion will be presented. Full completion proposals will be investigated and integrated, covering advantages and disadvantages, before concluding on a final proposal

    Lessons learned on lessons learned: Gathering knowledge on energy-efficient rehabilitation of buildings

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    Sustainability and energy efficiency are topics that have gained much attention recently in many industries, including building and construction. Many national and international research projects have aimed at both developing technology and efficiently using existing technology over the course of last twenty years. Yet, the industry is lagging far behind other sectors with regards to putting available technology to good use. One important reason for this is the gulf that exists between the research as expressed in the scientific literature and the practice-oriented world of building construction and rehabilitation. This paper describes an application of two methods for conducting literature review and collecting experiences from real-world application in order to efficiently synthesize knowledge from “both worlds”. The methods are: structured literature review (SLR) of scientific articles and narrative literature review (NLR) of recommended, practical solutions. In this paper, (1) central characteristics of these methods are presented, (2) Usage of these methods is described, and (3) how these methods can be seen from the perspective of knowledge management / acquisition is discussed. As examples, few findings obtained from SLR and NLR are provided in order to complement the whole discussion. This paper aims to make two major contributions to research and practice: The first contribution is that it addresses certain methodological issues related to gathering knowledge from both the scientific realm and practice. The other contribution is developing a knowledge base: The process through which the two literature review methods are applied, will result in a collection of knowledge / "best practices" regarding construction and renovation of energy efficient buildings. This knowledge will then be shared with others, and hence contribute to accomplish greater benefits. This paper looks at one of the aspects of "best practices" – namely, key performance indicators (KPIs). This paper is connected to an EU-project called "Rezbuild", which focuses on developing decision and planning support for accomplishing near zero-emission in refurbishment of dwellings. One of the tasks in this project is to collect existing knowledge on better energy efficient solutions for near zero-emission buildings.publishedVersio

    Irrationality in the housing market? - An empirical analysis of the capitalisation of local property taxes in the Norwegian housing market

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    This thesis presents new evidence on the effects of local property taxes on house prices. Since 2007 there has been a significant increase in the number of Norwegian municipalities that tax housing using the local property tax, which leads to rich variations in tax rates, both over time and between municipalities. I use data from the period 2007-2015 to examine the effects of local property tax changes on house prices, exploiting these variations. I find that the effects from property taxes are heterogeneous, and not in line with what the theory of capitalisation would predict. Using fixed effects in a hedonic time dummy framework, I find no systematic effect of local property taxes on house prices, inconsistent with the theory. Further exploration show that the lack of a systematic effect does not rule out capitalisation in areas with specific characteristics. Using the difference-in-difference framework, I find capitalisation in urban areas, but not in the rural areas investigated. These diverging findings may be explained by the variation in salience of property taxes between rural and urban areas, a sign of bounded rationality in the housing market

    Natural perils insurance and compensation arrangements in six countries

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    This study has made an assessment of the allocation of responsibility for the climate change adaptation of buildings and infrastructure among key agencies in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, France and Canada. The report presents the various natural perils insurance and compensation schemes prevailing in these countries with the aim of revealing the extent to which emphasis is placed on incentives to implement preventive measures in preference to building restoration. The report is based on a combination of document studies and in-depth interviews with representatives either from the public authorities or from insurance or financial institutions in the countries in question. Local municipalities have overall responsibility for the implementation and supervision of climate change adaptation strategies in all the countries examined in this study. Executive authority and the nature of the subordinate state agencies vary from country to country, but the frameworks for the allocation of responsibility exhibit a number of similarities. The allocation of responsibility is to a large extent well-defined and often under statutory regulation. Germany and Canada are particularly distinctive among the countries examined in this study, primarily because the allocation of responsibility for adaptation strategies reflects the fact that they are federal states. Compared with the work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, climate change adaptation represents a relatively new area of focus. The EU has evolved into a driving force for climate change adaptation activities in Europe, and in 2013 launched its own adaptation strategy. The strategy focuses on consolidating the foundation for decision-making related to adaptation measures, and on supporting the coordination and funding of actions taken at national level. It delegates responsibility for national strategy development to each member state, and subsidises initiatives for the development of national expertise, which in turn form the basis for the identification of appropriate measures. In general terms, compensation for the impact of natural perils on property consists of three components; ‱ Insurance ‱ Self-assurance (by which the property owner must be prepared to cover the costs of any losses himself) ‱ State-funded compensation provided by governments, a ministry or a regional public authority The ways in which these various schemes are triggered depend on both the causes of damage and the nature of the property that incurs damage. The extent to which any given scheme places emphasis either on the cause or the nature of the property varies from country to country. The distinctions between the schemes may be unclear, for instance, in terms of the role of the state as both a formal and informal underwriter for the insurance companies. In Finland, there has to date been no need to establish a state-funded safety net in the form of regional, national or EU funding. In Norway and France, natural perils insurance and compensation schemes are in part incorporated into the public sector. Insurance premiums are not risk-based, entailing a certain element of public solidarity associated with the schemes. In France, the state-funded compensation scheme is structured as a fund, twelve percent of which is provided by the insurance premiums. This percentage has increased over time, and also finances climate change adaptation measures such as monitoring, mapping, municipal planning, research and the dissemination of information, as well as expropriation and evacuation measures. In Norway, a 0.065 part of fire insurance premiums is allocated to provide compensation for losses caused by natural phenomena, and is used primarily to cover the restoration of damaged buildings to their original standard. In Sweden, Finland, Germany and Canada, natural perils insurance and compensation is provided mainly via private sector insurance schemes. In Sweden, Finland and Canada, building insurance is nevertheless referred to as semi-voluntary, because the banks will only grant loans for property to those who have also taken out property insurance. If a property owner has no need to take out a loan, he is not obliged to insure the property. The extent of coverage in these countries is thus approximately just as high as that in Norway and France. A private sector scheme is able to provide incentives to implement preventive measures by means of excess payments and risk-based premiums. At the same time, the existence of a parallel, state-funded, safety net may act to weaken any incentive to take action to prevent damage caused by natural phenomena. Another factor that may weaken incentives to implement preventive measures is that it is currently common practice among insurance companies to cover property restoration costs above and beyond their original standard following damage caused by natural phenomena. Some insurance companies offer guidelines on climate change adaptation in their policies, and the party taking out the insurance may incur a payout reduction if the guidelines are not adhered to. Even if certain incentives exist either within or outside the schemes, these are considered to be too passive in relation to the expected impacts of climate change. It is the prerogative of individual insurance companies to offer supplementary cover. However, as a rule, private sector infrastructure is not insured. In Norway, a state-funded scheme provides compensation for losses resulting from natural phenomena to private sector infrastructure such as roads, quaysides and harbour walls. Large private sector companies can take out exclusive insurance policies to cover their infrastructure. This has been the case for a number of bridges in Sweden, the express train infrastructure connecting Stockholm Arlanda airport, and rail infrastructure in Norway. State institutions act as self-insurers in all the countries examined in this study. The natural perils insurance and compensation schemes that operate in the various countries are different, and all of them have recently been amended or are in the process of revision. However, it is not possible to identify an overall trend in this process. Finland moved away from a private-public scheme to an entirely private sector arrangement in 2014. However, Canada is currently in the progress of developing public sector schemes in response to the refusal by the private sector to offer adequate flood insurance. The Norwegian system has been the subject of review but, to date, no decisions have been taken regarding modification.The solidarity principle infuses both the Norwegian and French systems with high levels of credibility. Other areas in which the incentive to adopt adaptation measures can complement incentives set out in current insurance and compensation schemes include statutory building regulations and climate change adaptation loans. By requiring higher levels of climate change adaptation, statutory building regulations may contribute towards boosting incentives for property owners to implement preventive measures. Many countries are in the process of revising their statutory building codes to incorporate requirements for adaptation measures. However, our findings indicate that to date, the specificity of these requirements is very limited. The market for green bonds is expanding rapidly and, in the future, climate change adaptation loans may act to provide incentives in the same way as green loans do to promote energy-efficient buildings. For example, in the right context, the level of an insurance premium could be fixed based on the implementation of measures that also triggers a climate change adaptation loan and certification of the adapted buildings. However, such a scenario will also require developments in the field of adaptation performance indicators. A natural extension of this study will be the development of alternative structures for natural perils insurance and compensation schemes that not only retain the solidarity principle, but which also offer further incentives to building owners to implement preventive measures.publishedVersio
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