Determination of the Application Parameters of Spraying Drones for Crop Production in Hazelnut Orchards

Hazelnut, which has the most common cultivation area after almonds and walnuts among the shell fruits in the world, contains high levels of fat, protein, carbohydrates, various minerals and vitamins. Hazelnut has a broad growing area around the world, and Turkey accounts for 58% of world production with 776,000 tons annually. With this production capacity, Turkey ranks first in hazelnut production over the world. Harmful insects in hazelnut trees are the main factors that reduce hazelnut yield and quality. Pesticides are sprayed with backpack sprayers in the fight against these pests in hazelnut trees. Farmers are directly exposed to pesticides in these practices, which use high amounts of pesticides and water. In recent years, the use of unmanned agricultural vehicles in agriculture has increased. Drones are also used in pesticide applications in agriculture. In this study, the suitability of pesticide applications with the drone in hazelnut fields in Giresun province in terms of field conditions and spraying efficiency was investigated. In September 2021, applications were made with DJI Agras MG-1P model spraying drone in a selected hazelnut orchard in Uzgur village of Giresun province. The drone has 4 Teejet XR11001VS fan jet nozzles. Water-sensitive papers were placed on different regions on the hazelnut trees to be sprayed for drop measurements. In the experiments, hazelnut trees were sprayed using water at different heights and spraying rates. 6 flights were carried out at 1.5 and 2 meters altitudes and 1, 2 and 3 L.da-1 spray rates, and three hazel trees were sprayed as three repetitions in each flight. After the flight trials, the water-sensitive papers were scanned on the scanner, and the volume median diameters and the number of droplets per square centimetre were calculated in the DepositScan software. As a result of the analyses done, it was observed that the applications performed at 1 L.da-1 and 2 L.da-1 spray rates would not be sufficient in terms of spraying efficiency. As the drone flight altitude increased, the accumulation of the drops on the inner leaves decreased. In terms of drop distribution, the most homogeneous application parameter was found to be 1.5 meters high above the upper leaves of the hazel trees and 3 L.da-1 spray rate

Beneficial effects of melatonin and BQ-123 on the rat testis damage caused by cigarette smoke

Background/aim: Several studies have demonstrated that cigarette smoke has detrimental effects on testicular function. However, it is unknown whether melatonin or BQ-123 has beneficial effects on the rat testis damage caused by cigarette smoke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the beneficial effects of melatonin or BQ-123 on the testicular damage caused by cigarette smoke. Materials and methods: Twenty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control group (n = 5), cigarette smoke group (n = 5), melatonin group (n = 5), and BQ-123 group (n = 5). At the end of 4 weeks, all the rats were sacrificed for histopathological evaluation and subsequent stereological analysis. The optical fractionator counting method, the most efficient and unbiased method, was used to estimate the total number of spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Results: All the control testes demonstrated complete spermatogenesis. There was a significant decrease in the germ cells of rats exposed to cigarette smoke for 4 weeks. After the application of melatonin or BQ-123, the total number of spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the testes was significantly higher. Conclusion: Based on these findings, melatonin and BQ-123 are able to minimize the degenerative effects of cigarette smoke by increasing the germ cell count.Gaziosmanpasa University Research FundGaziosmanpasa University [2006/19]This study was supported by Gaziosmanpasa University Research Fund Project no. 2006/19. We thank Dr Bahadir Ungor (rest in peace) for all his assistance

The macromoleculer oxidation in cerebellum of rat exposed to mk-801 and the protective effect of cape

Bu çalışmanın amacı MK-801 ile oluşan nörotoksisitede oksidatif stresin etkisini incelemek, oksidatif stresin önlenmesi ile prognozun düzelebileceğinin gösterilmesidir. MK-801 en nörotoksik NMDA reseptör antagonistlerinden biridir. Wistar Albino ratlar 3 gruba ayrıldı: l.grup: Kontrol, 2. grup: MK-80.T, 3. grup: MK- 801+CAPE. MK-801 beş gün intraperitoneal verildi. Tedavi grubuna MK-801’e maruzken CAPE verildi. Kontrol grubuna aynı sürede serum fizyolojik intraperitoneal verildi. 7 gün sonra ratlar dekapitasyonla öldürüldü. Serebellumları biyokimyasal analizler için çıkarıldı. Oksidatif stres parametresi olan Nitrik oksit (NO) yanı sıra Malondialdehit (MDA) ve Protein karbonil (PC) seviyeleri kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında MK-801 grubu serebellumunda anlamlı artmıştı. CAPE ile tedavi edilen grupta NO, MDA ve PC seviyesi MK-801 grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında ise anlamlı azaldı. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları serebellumda MK-801 ile oluşan nörotoksisitenin patogenesizinde oksidatif stresin önemli rolü olduğunu ortaya koydu. Bu deneysel çalışma aynı zamanda MK-801 ile oluşan nörotoksisite üzerine CAPE’nin koruyucu etkisi olabileceği yönünde bazı deliller sağlar.The aims of this study were to investigate the contribution effect of oxidative stress in MK-801 in¬duced neurotoxicity, and to show that prevention of oxida¬tive stress may improve prognosis. MK-801 was shown to be one of the most neurotoxic NMDA receptor antago¬nists. Wistar Albino rats were divided into three groups: 1. group: control group, 2. group: MK-801, 3. group: MK- 801+CAPE group. MK-801 was given intraperitoneally for five days. CAPE was given to the treatment group while exposed MK-801. In control group, saline was given intraperitoneally at the same time. After 7 days, rats were killed by decapitation. Cerebellums were removed for bio¬chemical analyses. Malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, as well as nitric oxide levels as oxidative parameters, levels was found to be increased significantly in cerebellum of MK-801 group compared to control group. In CAPE treated rats, cerebellum tissue malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, nitric oxide levels were significantly decreased when compared to MK-801 groups. The results of this study revealed that oxidative stress in cerebellum may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MK-801- induced neuronal toxicity. This experimental study also provides some evidences for the protective effects of CAPE on MK-801-induced changes in cerebellum

The macromoleculer oxidation in cerebellum of rat exposed to mk-801 and the protective effect of cape

Bu çalışmanın amacı MK-801 ile oluşan nörotoksisitede oksidatif stresin etkisini incelemek, oksidatif stresin önlenmesi ile prognozun düzelebileceğinin gösterilmesidir. MK-801 en nörotoksik NMDA reseptör antagonistlerinden biridir. Wistar Albino ratlar 3 gruba ayrıldı: l.grup: Kontrol, 2. grup: MK-80.T, 3. grup: MK- 801+CAPE. MK-801 beş gün intraperitoneal verildi. Tedavi grubuna MK-801’e maruzken CAPE verildi. Kontrol grubuna aynı sürede serum fizyolojik intraperitoneal verildi. 7 gün sonra ratlar dekapitasyonla öldürüldü. Serebellumları biyokimyasal analizler için çıkarıldı. Oksidatif stres parametresi olan Nitrik oksit (NO) yanı sıra Malondialdehit (MDA) ve Protein karbonil (PC) seviyeleri kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında MK-801 grubu serebellumunda anlamlı artmıştı. CAPE ile tedavi edilen grupta NO, MDA ve PC seviyesi MK-801 grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında ise anlamlı azaldı. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları serebellumda MK-801 ile oluşan nörotoksisitenin patogenesizinde oksidatif stresin önemli rolü olduğunu ortaya koydu. Bu deneysel çalışma aynı zamanda MK-801 ile oluşan nörotoksisite üzerine CAPE’nin koruyucu etkisi olabileceği yönünde bazı deliller sağlar.The aims of this study were to investigate the contribution effect of oxidative stress in MK-801 in¬duced neurotoxicity, and to show that prevention of oxida¬tive stress may improve prognosis. MK-801 was shown to be one of the most neurotoxic NMDA receptor antago¬nists. Wistar Albino rats were divided into three groups: 1. group: control group, 2. group: MK-801, 3. group: MK- 801+CAPE group. MK-801 was given intraperitoneally for five days. CAPE was given to the treatment group while exposed MK-801. In control group, saline was given intraperitoneally at the same time. After 7 days, rats were killed by decapitation. Cerebellums were removed for bio¬chemical analyses. Malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, as well as nitric oxide levels as oxidative parameters, levels was found to be increased significantly in cerebellum of MK-801 group compared to control group. In CAPE treated rats, cerebellum tissue malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, nitric oxide levels were significantly decreased when compared to MK-801 groups. The results of this study revealed that oxidative stress in cerebellum may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MK-801- induced neuronal toxicity. This experimental study also provides some evidences for the protective effects of CAPE on MK-801-induced changes in cerebellum

PERDE EN KESİT ŞEKLİNİN VE PLANDA PERDE YERİNİN DEGİŞMESİNİN, PERDELER VE ÇERÇEVELER ARASINDAKİ KESME KUVVETi DAGILIMINA ETKİSİ

Bu çalışmada, deprem etkisindeki konut ve işyeri türü perdeli - çerçeveli yapılarda perde en kesit şekli ve perde yerinin değişiminin perdelere ve kolonlara gelen kesme kuvvetindeki dağılımın üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır

PERDE EN K.ESİT ŞE KLİ Nİ N VE PLANDA PERDE YERİNİN DEGİŞMESİNİN, PERDELER VE ÇERÇEVELER ARASINDAKİ KESME KUVVETi DAGILil\flNA ETKİSİ

B u çalışmada, deprem etkisindelil konut ve işyeri türü perdeli - çerçeveli yapılarda perde en kesit şekli ve perde yerinin değişiminin perdelere ve kolonlara gelen kesme kuvvetindeki dağılımın üzerindeki etkisi araşt•rılınıştır

The Effect Of Antioxidant Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (Cape) On Some Enzyme Activities In Cisplatin-Induced Neurotoxicity In Rats

Aim: Neurotoxicity is the next common side effect of cisplatin (CDDP)-based chemotherapeutics following nephrotoxicity. We investigated the effect of CDDP on some brain metabolic enzyme activities such as hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in an experimental model of CDDP toxicity, and examined the protective role of Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a phenolic antioxidant derived from the honeybee propolis, on the enzyme activities mentioned above. Methods: Female Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: sham operation group (n:6), CDDP group (n:9), and CAPE + CDDP group (n:8). All the chemicals used were applied intraperitoneally. HK, G6PD, LDH, and MDH activities were determined spectrophotometrically in the brain supernatant at the end of the surgical procedures. Results: There were decreased G6PD activities and increased MDH activities in CDDP group compared to control group (p<0.05, p<0.05). LDH activities were increased in CAPE+CDDP group compared to CDDP group (p<0.001). Conclusion: These results provide a new point of view on the glucose metabolizing enzymes of brain tissue affected from CDDP and the protective effects of CAPE on these enzymes