Consequences of neurite transection in vitro

WOS: 000309967300004PubMed ID: 20121423In order to quantify degenerative and regenerative changes and analyze the contribution of multiple factors to the outcome after neurite transection, we cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons, and with a precise laser beam, we transected the nerve fibers they extended. Cell preparations were continuously visualized for 24 h with time-lapse microscopy. More distal cuts caused a more elongated field of degeneration, while thicker neurites degenerated faster than thinner ones. Transected neurites degenerated more if the uncut neurites of the same neuron simultaneously degenerated. If any of these uncut processes regenerated, the transected neurites underwent less degeneration. Regeneration of neurites was limited to distal cuts. Unipolar neurons had shorter regeneration than multipolar ones. Branching slowed the regenerative process, while simultaneous degeneration of uncut neurites increased it. Proximal lesions, small neuronal size, and extensive and rapid neurite degeneration were predictive of death of an injured neuron, which typically displayed necrotic rather than apoptotic form. In conclusion, this in vitro model proved useful in unmasking many new aspects and correlates of mechanically-induced neurite injury.Yuzuncu Yil University Directorate of Scientific Research Projects [TF073]This study was supported by the Yuzuncu Yil University Directorate of Scientific Research Projects (grant no. TF073)

Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiviral wffects, and apectroscopic characterization of metabolites produced by fusarium oxysporum YP9B

The goal of the work is to determine the bioactive pharmaceutical metabolites produced by the Fusarium oxysporum YP9B isolate. Ten new natural compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the F. oxysporum YP9B strain. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods using 1D and 2D NMR, UV, FT-IR, and mass spectra (LC-QTOF MS and GC-FID/MS). Identified compounds were named as; (1-benzyl-2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate (1), 2-oxo-8-azatricyclo[9.3.1.1(3,7)]-hexadeca-1(15),3(16),4,6,11,13-hexaen-10-one (2), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic, hexadecanoic anhydride (3a), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic (9Z)-octadecenoic anhydride (3b), 2,3-dihydroxy-propanoic (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoic anhydride (3c), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic (11Z)-octadecenoic anhydride (4a), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic, (9E,12E)-octadecadienoic anhydride (4b), 3-hydroxy-1,2,6,10-tetramethylundecyl hexzadecanoate (5a), 3-hydroxy-1,2,6,10-tetramethylundecyl (9E)-octadecaenoate (5b), and 3-hydroxy-1,2,6,10-tetramethylundecyl octadecanoate (5c). Antimicrobial activities of the isolates obtained from the YP9B strain were determined. Cytotoxic and antiviral activities were tested for the isolates against VERO, MCF-7, PC-3, and A549. Compounds 5a-c, 1, and 3a-c showed bacteriostatic activity at low concentrations, and 4a-b and 2 were found to be bactericides. MIC and MBC values against Mycobacterium smegmatis for the compounds 5a-c and 1 were determined to be <0.5 mu g/mL and 0.46 mu g/mL, respectively. The experimental result showed that compounds 2, 5a-c and 1 have strong cytotoxic (7.51 +/- 1.38 and 19.13 +/- 0.68 (mu M) IC50) activity. The antiviral activity against HSV type-1 was determined to be 1.25 mu M for compounds 4a-c and 0.312 mu M for compound 1

The genetic history of the Southern Arc: a bridge between West Asia and Europe

By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and its neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age (about 5000 to 1000 BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southward into the Balkans and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra–West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe

The Evaluation of Border Trade in Turkey, Its Economic Effects, Problems Faced and Solutions

Türkiye’de ilk kez 1978 yılında artan petrol talebini ucuz yolla karşılamak üzere İran’la sınır ticaretine başlanmıştır. Başlangıçta “karşılıklılık” ilkesi benimsenirken ardından bu kural unutulmuş, sınır ticareti sınırsız ticarete dönüşmüş ve Türkiye’ye her türden tarım ürünü ve motorin getirip sadece sınır illerinde değil ülkenin her yerinde bunları satma mekanizmasına dönüşmüştür. Bunun üzerine 1999’da tarım ürünleri, 2000 sonunda ise petrol ürünlerine önemli kısıtlama getirilmiş, 2002’de motorin ticareti tamamen yasaklanmıştır. 2005 yılına geldiğimizde dünya petrol fiyatlarının varil başına 60 Amerikan Dolarını geçtiği bir konjonktürde, temel petrol ihracatçısı komşu ülkelerden yeniden daha ekonomik fiyattan sınır ticareti kapsamında petrol ithal etmenin mümkün olacağı görünmektedir. Bu çalışma sınır ticaretinin yeniden başlaması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır.Turkey initiated border trade with Iran first in 1978. The border trade was used as means of avoiding the surging oil bill due to increasing oil demand. Although the rule of mutuality was in effect at the beginning, this was gradually abondened and the border trade turned in to &amp;#8220;borderless&amp;#8221; trade. As a result, in additition to oil, any kind of agricultural products were brought into Turkey and sold not only in the border cities but all over Turkey. To prevent the informal cross border trade, Turkey restricted the trade of agrecultural products in 1999 and the oil in 2000. Later in 2002, the oil trade was completely prohibited. In the year 2005, as the oil cost per bomel exceeds 60 USD, reestablish of border trade seems to be a rational way to import oil at lower costs from the neighboring oil exporter countries. This paper emphasizes necessity of the border trade between Turkey and neighbour countries

Finansal küreselleşmenin iktisat politikaları üzerindeki etkileri ve Türkiye

D nya ekonomisinin son yirmi y l na uluslararas laŸma ve k reselleŸme dinamikleri egemen olmuŸtur. Pek ‡ok alanda etkisini g”steren bu s re‡ler en belirgin bir bi‡imde finans ve d”viz piyasalar n etkilemiŸtir. Teknolojik geliŸmenin de katk lar yla artan ”l‡ de b t nleŸen mali piyasalar, 1990'l y llarda k reselleŸmenin sonu‡lar n n en somut bi‡imde ortaya ‡ kt § alan olmuŸtur. GeliŸmekte olan lkelere y”nelik sermaye ak mlar hacim olarak b y rken t rleri ve kanallar itibariyle de de§iŸim g”stermiŸ; sermaye ak mlar resmi kanallardan ”zel kanallara kaym Ÿt r. ™zel kanallara kayan sermaye ak mlar t r olarak da daha ‡ok portf”y yat r mlar ve k sa vadeli sermaye ak mlar Ÿeklinde g”r lm Ÿt r. Sermaye ak mlar geliŸmekte olan lkelere reel katk yan nda bir k s m olumsuz sonu‡lar da yapm Ÿt r. Sermaye giriŸleri bu ekonomilerin makroekonomik dengelerinde ve y”netimlerinde bir yandan istikrars zl k retirken, di§er yandan bu istikrars zl § giderebilecek iktisat politikas uygulamalar n da etkinsizleŸtirmektedir. Bu tez, finansal k reselleŸmenin, ulus devletin ba§ ms z iktisat politikas uygulama yetene§ini azaltt § n savunmaktad r. ˜‡ ve d Ÿ finansal piyasalar n serbestleŸtiren devletler bir s re sonra sermaye ak mlar n n kontrol ne girerek para, maliye ve d”viz kuru politikalar n ba§ ms z olarak uygulayabilme yetene§ini kaybetmektedirler. Bu s re‡ ”zellikle 1990'lardan sonra T rkiye'de de etkisini g”stermiŸtir. SUMMARY The dynamics of internationalization and globalization have affected the world economy for the last two decades. These developments especially had effect on financial and exchange rate markets as well as in other different areas. During 1990s financial markets, which have been integrated especially due to technological developments, have been an area in which an outcome of globalization has been raised in the most concrete way. Capital movements towards developing countries developed in volume but changed in types and channels; they flowed from formal to private channels. The capital flows, which went to private channels, have been particularly appeared in the form of portfolio and short term flows. The capital flows towards the developing countries not only helped these countries in real terms but also affected them in terms of negative ways. In many countries, capital inflows produced instability in macroeconomic balances of these countries as well as they made economic policies ineffective. This dissertation claims that financial globalization reduces the power of independent economic policies in nation-states. Having liberalized domestic and external financial markets, states went into the control of capital flows and could not independently apply monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies. The similar effects of liberalization have been observed in Turkey especially after the 1990s

Finansal küreselleşmenin iktisat politikaları üzerindeki etkileri ve Türkiye

ÖZETD nya ekonomisinin son yirmi y l na uluslararas laŸma ve k reselleŸme dinamikleri egemen olmuŸtur. Pek ‡ok alanda etkisini g”steren bu s re‡ler en belirgin bir bi‡imde finans ve d”viz piyasalar n etkilemiŸtir. Teknolojik geliŸmenin de katk lar yla artan ”l‡ de b t nleŸen mali piyasalar, 1990'l y llarda k reselleŸmenin sonu‡lar n n en somut bi‡imde ortaya ‡ kt § alan olmuŸtur. GeliŸmekte olan lkelere y”nelik sermaye ak mlar hacim olarak b y rken t rleri ve kanallar itibariyle de de§iŸim g”stermiŸ; sermaye ak mlar resmi kanallardan ”zel kanallara kaym Ÿt r. ™zel kanallara kayan sermaye ak mlar t r olarak da daha ‡ok portf”y yat r mlar ve k sa vadeli sermaye ak mlar Ÿeklinde g”r lm Ÿt r.Sermaye ak mlar geliŸmekte olan lkelere reel katk yan nda bir k s m olumsuz sonu‡lar da yapm Ÿt r. Sermaye giriŸleri bu ekonomilerin makroekonomik dengelerinde ve y”netimlerinde bir yandan istikrars zl k retirken, di§er yandan bu istikrars zl § giderebilecek iktisat politikas uygulamalar n da etkinsizleŸtirmektedir.Bu tez, finansal k reselleŸmenin, ulus devletin ba§ ms z iktisat politikas uygulama yetene§ini azaltt § n savunmaktad r. ˜‡ ve d Ÿ finansal piyasalar n serbestleŸtiren devletler bir s re sonra sermaye ak mlar n n kontrol ne girerek para, maliye ve d”viz kuru politikalar n ba§ ms z olarak uygulayabilme yetene§ini kaybetmektedirler. Bu s re‡ ”zellikle 1990'lardan sonra T rkiye'de de etkisini g”stermiŸtir.SUMMARYThe dynamics of internationalization and globalization have affected the world economy for the last two decades. These developments especially had effect on financial and exchange rate markets as well as in other different areas. During 1990s financial markets, which have been integrated especially due to technological developments, have been an area in which an outcome of globalization has been raised in the most concrete way. Capital movements towards developing countries developed in volume but changed in types and channels; they flowed from formal to private channels. The capital flows, which went to private channels, have been particularly appeared in the form of portfolio and short term flows. The capital flows towards the developing countries not only helped these countries in real terms but also affected them in terms of negative ways. In many countries, capital inflows produced instability in macroeconomic balances of these countries as well as they made economic policies ineffective.This dissertation claims that financial globalization reduces the power of independent economic policies in nation-states. Having liberalized domestic and external financial markets, states went into the control of capital flows and could not independently apply monetary, fiscal and exchange rate policies. The similar effects of liberalization have been observed in Turkey especially after the 1990s

Emergency Management in Turkey: Possible Problems and Solutions

Türkiye, sık sık yapay ve doğal afetlerle karşılaşmaktadır. Bu afetler Türkiye'nin mali yapısına olumsuz etkilerde bulunmaktadır. Afetlerden önce risk azaltma önlemleri ile afet sonrası müdahalelerle ilgili afet yönetim sistemi ise etkin çalışmamaktadır. Türkiye'de iç içe girmiş, aynı anda bir çok kurumun görev ve yetki alanına giren bir afet yönetim sistemi vardır. Bu sistemin birleştirilerek tek çatı altında toplanması bu çalışmanın temel vurgusudur. Ayrıca afet yönetiminin etkinliğini artırmak için bir kısım yasal düzenlemelere de ihtiyaç vardır. Afet yönetim sistemi yeniden yapılandınlırken afet yönetiminde yerel yönetimlerin ve gönüllü kuruluşların etkinliklerinin artırılmasının yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir.Turkey frequently faces with artificial and natural disasters which have negative effects on Turkey's fiscal structure. The emergency management system that includes the risk reducing measures before the disaster and the interventions after the disaster does not work efficiently. Since a number of authorities are concurrently charged with and responsible for emergency management, the emergency management system of Turkey is very complicated. This study underlines the importance of merging of different parts of the system under one body. In addition, some legal regulations are required to increase the effectiveness of the emergency management. In restructuring the emergency management system, the effectiveness of local governments and of voluntary organizations should also be increased