A Tight Lower Bound for Decrease-Key in the Pure Heap Model

We improve the lower bound on the amortized cost of the decrease-key operation in the pure heap model and show that any pure-heap-model heap (that has a \bigoh{\log n} amortized-time extract-min operation) must spend \bigom{\log\log n} amortized time on the decrease-key operation. Our result shows that sort heaps as well as pure-heap variants of numerous other heaps have asymptotically optimal decrease-key operations in the pure heap model. In addition, our improved lower bound matches the lower bound of Fredman [J. ACM 46(4):473-501 (1999)] for pairing heaps [M.L. Fredman, R. Sedgewick, D.D. Sleator, and R.E. Tarjan. Algorithmica 1(1):111-129 (1986)] and surpasses it for pure-heap variants of numerous other heaps with augmented data such as pointer rank-pairing heaps.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1302.664

School Principals Views on Syrian Refugee Students’ Education in Turkey: Challenges and Recommendations

The aim of the present study was to identify the administrative problems that school principals face at schools in the city located in the east of Turkey with high Syrian student population and to provide suggestions for overcoming these problems. The city is a province in Turkey having the highest ratio of Syrian to Turkish population with 95.61 %. Therefore, the city is an important topic for the education and social integration of Syrian students. Based on the findings, it has been identified that school principals experience problems such as language and communication problems, crowded classrooms and environments, registration uncertainties, accordance between the parents (Turkish-Syrian), school culture, discipline and behavior. In addition, problems were also identified under headings such as financial resource insufficiency, personnel requirements and in-service training requirements. It has been emphasized that making courses more active, increasing the number of course hours for the targeted culture language will be more beneficial for overcoming the language issues. It has also been indicated that equal distribution of Syrian students to the schools and balancing the student ratio in the province through the use of transportation options if necessary will also be beneficial

The Complexity of Order Type Isomorphism

The order type of a point set in $R^d$ maps each $(d{+}1)$-tuple of points to its orientation (e.g., clockwise or counterclockwise in $R^2$). Two point sets $X$ and $Y$ have the same order type if there exists a mapping $f$ from $X$ to $Y$ for which every $(d{+}1)$-tuple $(a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_{d+1})$ of $X$ and the corresponding tuple $(f(a_1),f(a_2),\ldots,f(a_{d+1}))$ in $Y$ have the same orientation. In this paper we investigate the complexity of determining whether two point sets have the same order type. We provide an $O(n^d)$ algorithm for this task, thereby improving upon the $O(n^{\lfloor{3d/2}\rfloor})$ algorithm of Goodman and Pollack (1983). The algorithm uses only order type queries and also works for abstract order types (or acyclic oriented matroids). Our algorithm is optimal, both in the abstract setting and for realizable points sets if the algorithm only uses order type queries.Comment: Preliminary version of paper to appear at ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (SODA14

The effects of the marinas to the public use and proposals

Marinalar ve yat turizmi en hızlı gelişen, sosyal ve ekonomik getirisi yüksek turizm dallarının başında gelmektedir. Kıyıların kent ile ilişkisini incelemek mimarlıkta geniş bir araştırma alanıdır. Yalnızca coğrafi konumlarından dolayı değil, yarattıkları kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik potansiyel nedeniyle de kıyılar farklıdırlar. Marinalarda denizden karaya-karadan denize geçişi sağlayan, her iki yön için de belli başlı özellikleri barındırması gereken tesisler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu özelliklerin her iki tarafında; deniz ve kara; konfor, uyum, bağlantılar, çevre ilişkileri gibi şartlarını en elverişli şekilde sağlayabilmesi çok dikkatli ve geniş perspektifli bir tasarım çalışmasını gerektirmektedir. Günümüzde getirileri her geçen gün daha iyi kavranan marinaların sayısında ülkemizde gelecekte çok büyük bir artışın olacağı öngörülmektedir. Ancak marinaların nitelikleri gereği kamusal alanda yer almaları toplumun kıyıdan yararlanmasını kısıtlayan ve dolayısıyla bu olumlu gelecek perspektifini gölgeleyen bir durumu da yaratmaya adaydır. Böyle bir öngörüyle, bu çalışmanın temel amacı, söz konusu sakıncalı durumu tartışmak ve yeni marinaların tasarımına belirli ışık tutabilmek üzere bu problemin çözüm yollarını araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmalar yazılı kaynakların incelenmesi ve konuyla ilgili Türkiye’deki yetkili kişiler ve mevcut marinaların yöneticileri ile görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesi ile oluşturulmaktadır. Bu değerlendirilmelerin sonucunda yeni yapılması düşünülen marinaların kıyı bandını kamusal alan olarak kullanmaya imkân verecek şekilde, kıyı hattını bölen tesislerinin daha iç bölgelerde planlayabilecekleri ve kıyıyı kamuya sosyal tesisler ile birlikte sunarak marina içinde ticari getirileri oluşturulabileceği önerilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Marina, kamusal alan, kıyı çizgisi, yat turizmi.Marinas are regarded as a mid point for people to set out to sea as far as their location and functions are considered. However, they are at that point expected to offer public service and act as a bridge for the whole society to reach out to sea. A significant increase in the number of marinas is expected to take place in our country as their advantages and benefits are better realized each and every day. However, the location of  marinas on the coasts, which are also public areas, as required by their nature, prevent the society from using the sea to some extent and it is highly likely that such increase will shadow this positive future perspective. The reaction of the society, which is getting more sensitive to the environment every day, towards the construction of new marinas represents a clear sign of concrete and current truth where this unfavorable situation is no longer, creates anticipation. Nevertheless, the remedies for this significant problem seem somehow to be lacking. As such, the primary aim of this thesis is to suggest some ways to solve the problem of public use in coastal areas regarding the construction of a several marinas which is expected to be soon on the agenda in Turkey. For this purpose we study in this thesis the points that attention should be paid in designing of new marinas in order to turn them into social facilities beyond the satisfaction of standard requirements and to make the relation of the neighboring community with the sea much easier. Marinas which are only used as locations for those boat owners who want to keep their boats until today are now designed as locations which attract the people who love sea and want to set out to sea because marinas are built on coasts-public spaces. They are tried to be made lively and growing areas which have a positive affect on its surrounding. The infrastructure, superstructure and legal adjustments are not adequate for the rapidly developing yacht tourism and they become as a handicap for new marinas. The yacht/marina business has been popular because the investment period is short and the marina investments which would provide the same number of beds as hotel investments are 60% cheaper. As places of operational activity, marinas are not fixed and they address to an elite society and only a small number of staff is required. However, the rapid development is not maintained in a positive way due to the problems of infrastructure, transportation, qualified personnel, competitive requirements and legal adjustments. The success in marina business depended on its organization as a service sector, which is in direct connection to the features of the setting of service as well as the quality of service. Therefore, it shall be necessary to increase the facilities of the existing marinas and build new marinas. To attach primary importance to the spatial qualities of the marinas as well as the clients' expectations and satisfaction during the planning and construction stage and operators should be kept the service quality at the highest level. All kinds of settlements causing damage to the shores should be prevented. In addition to this, the settlements integrating with the shore and open area adjustments for public; like marinas; should be introduced. The general planning principles of the existing marinas in Turkey are very similar to each other. Marinas in Turkey prevent people to use the coast as a public space as it has explained in laws. As we have already seen in the examples tried abroad or in recent examples designed and built in our country, different alternatives of these settlement forms which satisfy the needs of the surrounding community are also of crucial important. A plan can be developed and offered to the marina users and designers keeping shores as the property of public. Moreover this plan should include the facilities in the sea occupying only a minimum area of the shore. The design should allow sufficiently large areas along the shore available for the use of general public. By the means of this planning strategy public facilities which require to be on land can be planned a bit out of shoreline and open areas can be created for the use of public. Thus the facilities can be designed in a way to be more interesting and to encourage the community open to the sea. Keywords: Marinas, public space, shore line, yacht tourism

The effects of the marinas to the public use and proposals

Marinalar ve yat turizmi en hızlı gelişen, sosyal ve ekonomik getirisi yüksek turizm dallarının başında gelmektedir. Kıyıların kent ile ilişkisini incelemek mimarlıkta geniş bir araştırma alanıdır. Yalnızca coğrafi konumlarından dolayı değil, yarattıkları kültürel, sosyal, ekonomik potansiyel nedeniyle de kıyılar farklıdırlar. Marinalarda denizden karaya-karadan denize geçişi sağlayan, her iki yön için de belli başlı özellikleri barındırması gereken tesisler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu özelliklerin her iki tarafında; deniz ve kara; konfor, uyum, bağlantılar, çevre ilişkileri gibi şartlarını en elverişli şekilde sağlayabilmesi çok dikkatli ve geniş perspektifli bir tasarım çalışmasını gerektirmektedir. Günümüzde getirileri her geçen gün daha iyi kavranan marinaların sayısında ülkemizde gelecekte çok büyük bir artışın olacağı öngörülmektedir. Ancak marinaların nitelikleri gereği kamusal alanda yer almaları toplumun kıyıdan yararlanmasını kısıtlayan ve dolayısıyla bu olumlu gelecek perspektifini gölgeleyen bir durumu da yaratmaya adaydır. Böyle bir öngörüyle, bu çalışmanın temel amacı, söz konusu sakıncalı durumu tartışmak ve yeni marinaların tasarımına belirli ışık tutabilmek üzere bu problemin çözüm yollarını araştırmaktır. Bu araştırmalar yazılı kaynakların incelenmesi ve konuyla ilgili Türkiye’deki yetkili kişiler ve mevcut marinaların yöneticileri ile görüşmeler sonucunda elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesi ile oluşturulmaktadır. Bu değerlendirilmelerin sonucunda yeni yapılması düşünülen marinaların kıyı bandını kamusal alan olarak kullanmaya imkân verecek şekilde, kıyı hattını bölen tesislerinin daha iç bölgelerde planlayabilecekleri ve kıyıyı kamuya sosyal tesisler ile birlikte sunarak marina içinde ticari getirileri oluşturulabileceği önerilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Marina, kamusal alan, kıyı çizgisi, yat turizmi.Marinas are regarded as a mid point for people to set out to sea as far as their location and functions are considered. However, they are at that point expected to offer public service and act as a bridge for the whole society to reach out to sea. A significant increase in the number of marinas is expected to take place in our country as their advantages and benefits are better realized each and every day. However, the location of  marinas on the coasts, which are also public areas, as required by their nature, prevent the society from using the sea to some extent and it is highly likely that such increase will shadow this positive future perspective. The reaction of the society, which is getting more sensitive to the environment every day, towards the construction of new marinas represents a clear sign of concrete and current truth where this unfavorable situation is no longer, creates anticipation. Nevertheless, the remedies for this significant problem seem somehow to be lacking. As such, the primary aim of this thesis is to suggest some ways to solve the problem of public use in coastal areas regarding the construction of a several marinas which is expected to be soon on the agenda in Turkey. For this purpose we study in this thesis the points that should be paid attention at designing new marinas in order to turn them into social facilities beyond the satisfaction of standard requirements and to make the relation of the neighboring community with the sea much easier. Marinas which are only used as locations for those boat owners who want to get their boats until today are now intended to be designed as locations which attract the people who love sea and want to set out to sea because marinas are built on coasts-public spaces. They are tried to be made lively and growing areas which have a positive affect on/from its surrounding. The infrastructure, superstructure and legal adjustments are not adequate for the rapidly developing yacht tourism and they become as a handicap for new marinas. The yacht/marina business has been popular because the investment period is short and the marina investments which would provide the same number of beds as hotel investments are 60% cheaper. As places of operational activity, marinas are not fixed and they address to an elite society and only a small number of staff is required. However, the rapid development is not maintained in a positive way due to the problems of infrastructure, transportation, qualified personnel, competitive requirements and legal adjustments. The success in marina business is depended on its organization as a service sector, which is in direct connection to the features of the setting of service as well as the quality of service. Therefore, it shall be necessary to increase the facilities of the existing marinas and build new marinas. To attach primary importance to the spatial qualities of the marinas as well as the clients' expectations and satisfaction during the planning and construction stage and operators should be kept the service quality at the highest level. All kinds of settlements causing damage to the shores should be prevented. In addition to this, the settlements integrating with the shore and open area adjustments for public; like marinas; should be introduced. The general planning principles of the existing marinas in Turkey are very similar to each other. Marinas in Turkey prevent people to use the coast as a public space as it has explained in laws. As we have already seen in the examples tried abroad or in recent examples designed and built in our country, different alternatives of these settlement forms which satisfy the needs of the surrounding community are also of crucial important. A plan can be developed and offered to the marina users and designers where the shore is the property of public and left to the public. Moreover this plan should present the facilities required to be in the sea so that there is minimum area of occupation on the shore and shore area is left to the public. The areas which are usable for the whole community can be designed on such locations. By the means of this planning strategy public facilities which require to be on land can be planned a bit out of shoreline and open areas can be created for the use of public. Thus the facilities can be designed in a way to be more interesting and to encourage the community open to the sea. Keywords: Marinas, public space, shore line, yacht tourism

Dimethyl trans-3-(4-bromo­phen­yl)-2-methyl­isoxazolidine-4,5-dicarboxyl­ate

In the title compound, C14H16BrNO5, the isoxazolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation, with the N atom at the flap. In the crystal, inter­molecular C—H⋯N and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R 3 3(18) ring motifs which are fused into a ribbon-like structure extending along the b axis

A research on structure of vegetatıon of artvin-atila (hatilla) valley natıonal park

Çalışma alanı, bitki coğrafyası yönünden; Holarktik Bölgenin Avrupa-Sibirya flora alanının Colchis (Kolşik) kesiminde kalmaktadır. Çok sayıda endemik bitki taksonuna sahip Artvin-Atila Vadisi Milli Parkının flora içeriğini tespit etmek amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada 14 adet Eğrelti, 10 adet Açık Tohumlu ve 466 adet Kapalı Tohumlu olmak üzere toplam 490 adet bitki taksonu saptanmıştır. Tespit edilen taksonların oluşturdukları vejetasyon yapısına göre genel bir sınıflaması yapılmıştırThe area under review is taken place in the Colchis province of Euro-Siberian floristic area of the Holarctic region. This study has been done to be determined the flora of Artvin-Atila Valley which has quite a rich floristic composition, including some endemic taxa. 490 plant taxa have been determined in the study area, 14 of these which are Ferns and 10 of these taxa which are Gymnosperms and the rests are Angiosperms. A general classification has been made according to the main vegetation types

Timol'ün yoncanın sindirimi, rumen fermantasyonu ve i̇n vitro gaz üretimi üzerine etkisi

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inclusion of essential oil thymol on the incubation on gas production kinetics, volatile fatty acids (VFA), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of alfalfa hay. Gas productions were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h incubation times. Thymol were added in the ratio of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L. Gas production kinetics were determined using the equation Y = A (1-exp-ct). The thymol addition had a significant effect on the gas production kinetics, OMD and ME of alfalfa hay. Thymol at 200 mg/L resulted in 22.77% of decrease in potential gas production (A). The mean decrease in potential gas production per mg thymol supplementation was 0.0836 ml. The mean decreases in ME and OMD per mg thymol supplementation were 0.0132 (ME unit) and 0.086 (digestibility unit) respectively. The mean decreases in truly digestible dry matter (TDDM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFD) per mg thymol supplementation were 0.0546 and 0.0748 digestibility units respectively (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). As a conclusion, thymol exhibit significant anti-microbial activity causing an inhibition of the overall fermentation process

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on implant osseointegration in experimental diabetes mellitus

Objective: To evaluate whether hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment has a favorable effect on implant osseointegration in diabetic rabbits. Material and Methods: An experimental diabetes model was induced in 32 New Zealand rabbits through IV injection of alloxan. After the state of diabetes had been confirmed, one dental implant was placed in the metaphysical region of each animal’s tibia. After the implants’ placements, the animals were divided into two groups. Half of the animals underwent HBO treatment, while the other group did not receive HBO treatment and served as the control group. The animals were euthanized at the 4th and 8th weeks. The osseointegration of the implants were compared by histomorphometry and resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Results: The Bone Implant Contact (BIC) values were significantly higher in the HBO group than in the control group at the 4th week. There was no difference in the BIC values between the groups at the 8th week. There was no significant difference in the RFA scores between the groups both at the 4th and 8th weeks after the operation. Conclusion: Histomorphometry findings suggest that HBO has positive effect on implant osseointegration in the early healing period in diabetic rabbits. However, implant stability is not affected by HBO treatment