Analytical modeling of spindle-tool dynamics on machine tools using Timoshenko beam model and receptance coupling for the prediction of tool point FRF

Regenerative chatter is a well-known machining problem that results in unstable cutting process, poor surface quality and reduced material removal rate. This undesired self-excited vibration problem is one of the main obstacles in utilizing the total capacity of a machine tool in production. In order to obtain a chatter-free process on a machining center, stability diagrams can be used. Numerically or analytically, constructing the stability lobe diagram for a certain spindleholdertool combination implies knowing the system dynamics at the tool tip; i.e., the point frequency response function (FRF) that relates the dynamic displacement and force at that point. This study presents an analytical method that uses Timoshenko beam theory for calculating the tool point FRF of a given combination by using the receptance coupling and structural modication methods. The objective of the study is two fold. Firstly, it is aimed to develop a reliable mathematical model to predict tool point FRF in a machining center so that chatter stability analysis can be done, and secondly to make use of this model in studying the effects of individual bearing and contact parameters on tool point FRF so that better approaches can be found in predicting contact parameters from experimental measurements. The model can also be used to study the effects of several spindle, holder and tool parameters on chatter stability. In this paper, the mathematical model, as well as the details of obtaining the system component (spindle, holder and tool) dynamics and coupling them to obtain the tool point FRF are given. The model suggested is veried by comparing the natural frequencies of an example spindleholdertool assembly obtained from the model with those obtained from a nite element software

Effect analysis of bearing and interface dynamics on tool point FRF for chatter stability in machine tools by using a new analytical model for spindle-tool assemblies

Self-excited vibration of the tool, regenerative chatter, can be predicted and eliminated if the stability lobe diagram of the spindle–holder–tool assembly is known. Regardless of the approach being used, analytically or numerically, forming the stability lobe diagram of an assembly implies knowing the point frequency response function (FRF) in receptance form at the tool tip. In this paper, it is aimed to study the effects of spindle–holder and holder–tool interface dynamics, as well as the effects of individual bearings on the tool point FRF by using an analytical model recently developed by the authors for predicting the tool point FRF of spindle–holder–tool assemblies. It is observed that bearing dynamics control the rigid body modes of the assembly, whereas, spindle–holder interface dynamics mainly affects the first elastic mode, while holder–tool interface dynamics alters the second elastic mode. Individual bearing and interface translational stiffness and damping values control the natural frequency and the peak of their relevant modes, respectively. It is also observed that variations in the values of rotational contact parameters do not affect the resulting FRF considerably, from which it is concluded that rotational contact parameters of both interfaces are not as crucial as the translational ones and therefore average values can successfully be used to represent their effects. These observations are obtained for the bearing and interface parameters taken from recent literature, and will be valid for similar assemblies. Based on the effect analysis carried out, a systematic approach is suggested for identifying bearing and interface contact parameters from experimental measurements

Analytical modeling of spindle-tool dynamics on machine tools using Timoshenko beam model and receptance coupling for the prediction of tool point FRF

Regenerative chatter is a well-known machining problem that results in unstable cutting process, poor surface quality and reduced material removal rate. This undesired self-excited vibration problem is one of the main obstacles in utilizing the total capacity of a machine tool in production. In order to obtain a chatter-free process on a machining center, stability diagrams can be used. Numerically or analytically, constructing the stability lobe diagram for a certain spindle-holder-tool combination implies knowing the system dynamics at the tool tip; i.e., the point frequency response function (FRF) that relates the dynamic displacement and force at that point. This study presents an analytical method that uses Timoshenko beam theory for calculating the tool point FRF of a given combination by using the receptance coupling and structural modification methods. The objective of the study is two fold. Firstly, it is aimed to develop a reliable mathematical model to predict tool point FRF in a machining center so that chatter stability analysis can be done, and secondly to make use of this model in studying the effects of individual bearing and contact parameters on tool point FRF so that better approaches can be found in predicting contact parameters from experimental measurements. The model can also be used to study the effects of several spindle, holder and tool parameters on chatter stability. In this paper, the mathematical model, as well as the details of obtaining the system component (spindle, holder and tool) dynamics and coupling them to obtain the tool point FRF are given. The model suggested is verified by comparing the natural frequencies of an example spindle-holder-tool assembly obtained from the model with those obtained from a finite element software

Anacardium plants: Chemical,nutritional composition and biotechnological applications

Anacardium plants are native to the American tropical regions, and Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) is the most recognized species of the genus. These species contain rich secondary metabolites in their leaf and shoot powder, fruits and other parts that have shown diverse applications. This review describes the habitat and cultivation of Anacardium species, phytochemical and nutritional composition, and their industrial food applications. Besides, we also discuss the secondary metabolites present in Anacardium plants which display great antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. These make the use of Anacardium species in the food industry an interesting approach to the development of green foods.AK. Jugran acknowledges the partial funding from Uttarakhand council for Biotechnology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India (File No. UCB/R&D Project/2018-311) for this work. M. Martorell would like to thank the support offered by CONICYT PIA/APOYO CCTE AFB170007. N. Martins would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-Portugal) for the Strategic project ref. UID/BIM/04293/2013 and ?NORTE2020 - Northern Regional Operational Program? (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER- 000012)

A Mathematical Model and a Firefly Algorithm for an Extended Flexible Job Shop Problem with Availability Constraints

Manufacturing scheduling strategies have historically ignored the availability of the machines. The more realistic the schedule, more accurate the calculations and predictions. Availability of machines will play a crucial role in the Industry 4.0 smart factories. In this paper, a mixed integer linear programming model (MILP) and a discrete firefly algorithm (DFA) are proposed for an extended multi-objective FJSP with availability constraints (FJSP-FCR). Several standard instances of FJSP have been used to evaluate the performance of the model and the algorithm. New FJSP-FCR instances are provided. Comparisons among the proposed methods and other state-of-the-art reported algorithms are also presented. Alongside the proposed MILP model, a Genetic Algorithm is implemented for the experiments with the DFA. Extensive investigations are conducted to test the performance of the proposed model and the DFA. The comparisons between DFA and other recently published algorithms shows that it is a feasible approach for the stated problem

Agricultural practices for high yield and quality of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) cultivated in Turkey

The black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), an important source for a spice and in pharmaceutical industries, is one of the most cultivated medicinal and aromatic plants in Turkey. Different agricultural practices affect yield and quality in medicinal plant production. This study was carried out for two years to determine the effect of four doses of nitrogen (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha) and three of phosphorus (0, 30 and 60 kg/ha) on yield and quality of black cumin in arid and base conditions of Çukurova region of Turkey. In the present study, 60 kg/ha nitrogen and 60 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizations under the base field conditions gave the highest yield and quality of black cumin. The highest values for plant height, the number of branches, the number of capsules, seed yield, thousand-seed weight, essential oil content and seed fatty oil content were 100.1 cm, 12.73 branches/plant, 22.2 capsules/plant, 1006 kg/ha, 2.35 g, 0.40% and 39.0%, respectively

AN EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF IMPACT FORCES DURING HUMAN JUMPING

Impact forces during landing in dismounts from the horizontal bar onto regulation gymnastic mats and in jumping from a height of 0.45 m onto a hard surface were measured. A two degree-of-freedom dynamic model was developed to predict the forces in landing on the hard surface. The periods of the two peaks that can be identified from experimental data were used in the determination of the system parameters. The peak forces recorded in gymnasts' landing ranged from 8.2 to 11.6 times the body weight. Maximum forces in jumping from 0.45 m, which ranged from 5.0 to 7.0 times the body weight, were accurately predicted by the mode

Effects of the drying temperature on essential oil content of bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) harvested at different times

Bay leaf essential oil is one of the main products from bay trees that are used in food, spice, flavoring and cosmetic industries. Drying is an important post-harvesting process, which affects the essential oil content and the quality of bay leaf. In the present study, the effects of drying temperatures on the essential oil contents of bay leaf harvested at different times were studied. The leaves were harvested in the months of October, December, January, February, April and June and then dried in the cabinet dryer at 35, 50, 65 and 80°C for 12 hours. The essential oil contents in dried bay leaf samples were determined by hydrodistillation. According to our results, essential oil contents of dried bay leaves varied from 2.02% to 3.02% by different harvesting time and drying temperatures. The highest values were obtained in 35 and 50°C drying temperatures for the October harvest. Higher drying temperatures caused greater loss in the essential oil content

A new method to determine dynamically equivalent finite element models of aircraft structures from modal test data

Flutter analysis is a major requirement to predict safe flight envelops and to decide on flutter testing conditions of newly designed or modified aircraft structures. In order to achieve reliable flutter analysis of an aircraft structure, it is necessary to obtain a good correlation between its finite element (FE) model and experimental modal data. Currently available model updating methods require construction of a detailed initial FE model in order to achieve convergence of the modes obtained from updated FE model to their experimental counterparts. If the updating procedure is not carried out by the original design team of the aircraft structure but a subsidiary company that makes certain modification on it, construction of an appropriate initial FE model from scratch becomes a tedious task requiring considerable amount of engineering work. To overcome the foregoing problem, this paper presents a new method that aims to derive dynamically equivalent FE model of an aircraft structure directly from its experimental modal data. The application of the method is illustrated with two case studies. In the first case study, the performance of the method is tested with the modal test data of a benchmark structure built to simulate dynamic behavior of an airplane, namely GARTEUR SM-AG 19 test bed, and very satisfactory results are obtained: the first 10 elastic FE modes of the test bed closely correlate with experimental data. In the second case study, the method is applied to the modal test data obtained from ground vibration test (GVT) of a real aircraft. In this application, it is observed that only the first 4 modes of the resultant FE model correlate well with experimental data. It is concluded that the method suggested works perfectly well for simple structures like GARTEUR test bed, and it gives quite promising results when applied to real aircraft structures

Seasonal and diurnal variability of essential oil and its components in Origanum onites L. grown in the ecological conditions of Çukurova

Turkish Oregano (Origanum onites L.) is one of the most commonly collected from nature as well as cultivated Origanum species in Turkey. In addition, Turkish Oregano is the most exported Origanum species from Turkey to the entire World. In this study, the seasonal and diurnal variability of the essential oil content in Origanum onites L. grown in the ecological conditions of Cukurova was studied from September 2000-August 2001. Monthly variability of the essential oil composition was also studied. The plant cuttings collected from the region were rooted in the greenhouse and transferred to the field in a split plot design with three replications. One year later from transplanting, fresh leaves from the top shoots were collected every week three times a day on Monday (at 08.00, 12.00 and 16.00 o'clock) throughout the year. The content and composition of the essential oil were analysed in fresh leaf samples by hydrodistillation. The essential oil content changed according to the seasons and the hour of day. The highest essential oil content (% 1.92) was found in the post-flowering -at the beginning of the seed formation period in the afternoon harvests during the second half of June (40th week). The essential oil composition varied monthly and the highest value (% 73.65) of carvacrol, the main component of the essential oil, was obtained from the flowering period in May