Exploring Identity Issues in Development Areas of Vernacular Rural Settlements: A Case Study of Behramkale, Türkiye

Sustainable rural development is a challenging issue, considering the pressure of change brought by the demands of globalisation and intensified tourism activities in rural vernacular settlements. While studies in this field often focus on historical centres, research on the distinctive urban and architectural identity of “village development areas” in rural vernacular settlements remains scarce. To address this gap in the literature, a field study was conducted in the vernacular rural settlement of Behramkale, located in the Northern Aegean region of Türkiye. The study explored the continuity of architectural and urban identity and its significance. The research involved a qualitative assessment of primary data obtained through architectural surveys and archival documents collected in 2017 and 2021. Data analysis not only focused on static features of place identity but included dynamic and perceptual features of place identity. Planning policy inadequacies and the implications of top-down decisions on vernacular rural Türkiye are discussed. The key finding from the study highlights the necessity for a more participatory and site-specific approach to preserving vernacular rural heritage’s urban and architectural identity for sustainable development. In this regard, the paper proposes that an identity-based and people-centred approach should be integrated into the policies for the development areas of vernacular rural settlements. This integration aims to preserve the local architectural identity and promote a belongingness community among residents

The use of building performance simulation tools in undergraduate program course training

Not only in building construction industry, but also in engineering and architectural education the use of simulation tools has a great interest. Rapid advances in the capabilities of simulation tools and computer technologies have provided additional potential and choices for the designers and trainers. There are several kinds of simulation tools for energy efficiency and daylighting. During training practitioners, use some of them. This paper aims to discuss if there is any way to define and compare which one is appropriate for different stages of design process. Some of them are very complicated; on the other hand, some of them are much unsophisticated and not verified. The authors provide experiences of two workshops to show how the simulation tools successfully used to train the students. In addition, guidelines provided to maximize the usefulness of simulation for training student skills in sustainable design

A conceptual model for performance evaluation of energy consumption and user comfort of the atrium buildings

Atriyum tipi binalarda aşırı enerji tüketimi ve aşırı enerji tüketimine rağmen kullanıcı konfor koşullarının sağlanamaması bir sorun olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu soruna çözüm üretmek amacıyla, atriyum tipi binaların dış kabuğunu oluşturan en önemli alt sistem olan camlama sistemine ait seçeneklerin, binanın enerji tüketiminin azaltılması ve konfor koşullarının sağlanması için uygunluğunun belirlenmesine ve buna ilişkin bir denetim sisteminin geliştirilmesine yönelik bir performans değerlendirme modeli hedeflenmektedir. Atriyum tipi binalarda enerji tüketiminin azaltılması ve kullanıcı konforunun sağlanması için istenilen performans kriterlerinin karşılanması, camlama sisteminin soruna çözüm getirecek biçimde tasarlanmasıyla olanaklıdır. Geleneksel binalardan daha karmaşık hava olayları içerdiği için farklılaşan atriyum tipi binalarda, geleneksel binaların performansının belirlenmesinde kullanılan enerji simülasyon programları yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle modelin uygulanabilirliğini sağlamak için atriyum tipi binalarda karşılaşılan karmaşık hava olayları ve bu olayların birbirlerine olan etkilerini simüle edebilecek pek çok programın kullanıldığı bir simülasyon modeli oluşturulmuştur. Önerilen simülasyon modelinde, binanın enerji tüketiminin ve kullanıcı konfor koşullarına uygunluğunun belirlenmesine yönelik iç ortam verilerinin elde edilmesinde enerji simülasyon programı EnergyPlus, Window 5.2, Comis ve Delight, atriumdaki hava tabakalaşmasının belirlenmesinde hesaplı akışkanlar dinamiği programı Fluent ve Gambit kullanılmıştır. Simülasyon modeli kullanılarak elde edilen verilerin çalışmanın başlangıcında hedeflenen performans gereksinmeleri doğrultusunda oluşturulan performans ölçütlerine uygunluğu araştırılarak, atrium tipi binanın enerji tüketimi ve kullanıcı konforuna yönelik performans değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Atriyum, bina simülasyonu, enerji, kullanıcı konforu, performans değerlendirmesi.The advantages of the atrium which is commonly used in modern architecture in recent years, have been listed as; performing impressive spaces, reviving the indoor space by admitting daylight, maximizing the benefit from direct solar gain, maintaining solutions for natural ventilation and acclimatization, increasing interaction and socialization of the people. The atrium acts as a filter of undesirable effects of outdoor environment factors such as rain, snow or wind, and retains the desirable effects of outdoor such as sunshine, fresh air and visual circumstances (Bryn, 1995; Bednar, 1986; Saxon, 1986). Formation of the appropriate indoor environment conditions to meet the requirements of the users' in performing their physical, social and functional activities, is the main function of a building envelope. Under the effects of outdoor environmental factors the desire of forming the indoor comfort conditions, requires the need of energy consumption in buildings. The required energy which is used in heating, cooling and ventilation is generally provided by consumption of the unrenewable energy sources. The consumed energy is related with the performance of the building envelope that balances the relation between the outer climatic factors and user. The performance can be defined as the envelope's optimum benefit from the outer effects. The biggest part of the energy consumption in atrium buildings is based on the glazing system which is one of the most important parts of the building envelope. A study has been performed in order to determine appropriate glazing system to solve the problems of excessive energy consumption and insufficient user comfort conditions in an atrium building. The study has projected that the glazing system that forms the outer envelope of an atrium has to be designed to solve the problem of meeting the performance criteria to supply the requirements of user comfort and energy protection by the principles of sustainability and energy efficiency. The model suggests a determination of an appropriate glazing and controlling system to meet reduction in energy consumption and user comfort conditions in atrium buildings. Thermal and optical properties of the glazing system, infiltration, air movements between the adjacent zones and atrium, day lighting has been included in the calculations of  total energy consumption of the atrium building and evaluations of the indoor environmental conditions in accordance with the comfort requirements. Furthermore calculations of the air stratification of atrium have been done. In the study, application of the conceptual performance model is provided by the simulation model. The model includes different types of programs in order to estimate complex phenomena of the atrium which were computed with the interaction of the different simulation programs EnergyPlus and Fluent, as well as the auxiliary tools Window 5.2, Comis, Delight and Gambit that support them. The process of the model, the interrelation between the parameters of the process has been evaluated by the system interaction approach in a conceptual framework. The model includes three steps. In the first step, objects, limitations have been defined, determined and reorganized in the context of energy performance and user comfort conditions. The relationship between the input factors in the model; outdoor environment, building envelope and user requirements that play important role on the design of the building envelope have been given. In the second step, the model which includes the comparison between different glazing alternatives and the selection of the appropriate alternative has been established. In the third step evaluation, comparison and selection of the optimum alternative has been suggested. Finally the data required during these steps of the process has been given in detail. The simulation tools for testing the model and the interaction between them have been demonstrated. By the help of the simulation model, the atrium building's glazing system that determines the optimum performance of the building envelope and the components of the system have been investigated by the means of the properties of the system that affect energy performance and user comfort conditions in accordance with the related standards and calculation methods. Keywords: Atrium, glazing system, building simulation, energy, performance evaluation

Flexible work environments’ effects on employees’ satisfaction in an intelligent office building

Çalışma mekânları içinde bulundukları dönemin sosyo-kültürel, ekonomik ve toplumsal yapısı ile şekillenen ortamlardır. Günümüzde, teknolojinin ve sürdürülebilirlik olgusunun yaşam ve iş yapma biçimlerini değiştirmesiyle çalışma mekânları yeniden kurgulanmaktadır. Çalışma mekânlarının değişmesinde en etkili unsurlardan biri esneklik kavramıdır. Esnek çalışma mekânları çalışanların iletişimini kuvvetlendirecek ve yatay hiyerarşiyi destekleyecek şekilde tasarlanmaktadır. Esnek çalışma mekanlarında açık ofis alanları aktivite odaklı alanlarla desteklenmekte ve çalışanların konsantrasyon gerektiren çalışma, toplantı ve ekip çalışması gibi ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak şekilde planlanmaktadır. Bu durumun bir göstergesi olarak günümüz bilgi ve teknoloji çağında organizasyonlar ofis olarak akıllı binaları ve esnek çalışma mekânlarını tercih etmeye başlamışlardır. Fiziksel çevre tasarımının çalışan memnuniyeti ve verimi üzerine etkileri bilindiğinden, bu yeni tip çalışma mekânları özelinde tasarımın ve çevre kalitesinin çalışan memnuniyeti, verimi ve yapılan işin kalitesine etkileri üzerine araştırmalar dünyada, özellikle Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa’da hız kazanmıştır. Ancak, Türkiye’deki çalışma mekânları özelinde bu gibi çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada, bu boşluğu doldurmak amacı ile İstanbul’da yer alan LEED sertifikalı bir binada hizmet veren bir firmanın esnek çalışma mekânı örnek olarak seçilmiştir. Anket, görüşme ve yerinde gözlem yöntemlerine dayanan bir kullanım sonrası değerlendirme çalışması yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular esnek çalışma düzeni, fiziksel çevre koşulları ve mekânsal tasarım bağlamında çalışan memnuniyetine etkileri açısından değerlendirilmiştir.Social, cultural, and economical structures shape physical work environments. Today, workplaces are reconstructed according to the effects of sustainability and technology on the form of working. Flexibility is one of the most influential elements affecting the change of workplaces. Flexible workplaces are designed to strengthen the communication and to support the horizontal organizational structure. Open office areas are planned to meet the need for activities such as relaxation, conversation, meeting, concentration, and teamwork. In the era of the knowledge society and technology, organizations increasingly prefer smart buildings and flexible workplaces as their work environments. As a result, there is a growing literature, especially in North America and northern Europe, on the impact of flexible workplace design and indoor quality on employee satisfaction, productivity, and work quality. However, such studies are still limited in Turkey. To fill the gap, this research focuses on a flexible workplace located in a LEED -certified building in Istanbul. A post-occupancy evaluation was conducted in this office. Data collection methods included questionnaires, interviews, and participant observations. The data was analyzed based on the employees’ satisfaction from the flexible workplace.Publisher versio

Model Of An Appropriate Glazing And Controlling System For Reducing Energy Consumption And Providing User Comfort In Atrium Buildings

Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2006Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2006Atrium tipi binalarda aşırı enerji tüketimi ve aşırı enerji tüketimine rağmen kullanıcı konfor koşullarının sağlanamaması bir sorun olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu soruna çözüm üretmek amacıyla, atrium tipi binaların dış kabuğunu oluşturan en önemli alt sistem olan camlama sistemine ait seçeneklerin, binanın enerji tüketiminin azaltılması ve konfor koşullarının sağlanması için uygunluğunun belirlenmesine ve buna ilişkin bir denetim sisteminin geliştirilmesine yönelik bir performans değerlendirme modeli hedeflenmektedir. Atrium tipi binalarda enerji tüketiminin azaltılması ve kullanıcı konforunun sağlanması için istenilen performans kriterlerinin karşılanması, camlama sisteminin soruna çözüm getirecek biçimde tasarlanmasıyla olanaklıdır. Geleneksel binalardan daha karmaşık olaylar içerdiği için farklılaşan atrium tipi binalarda, geleneksel binaların performansının belirlenmesinde kullanılan enerji simülasyon programları yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu nedenle modelin uygulanabilirliğini sağlamak için atrium tipi binalarda karşılaşılan karmaşık olaylar ve bu olayların birbirlerine olan etkilerini simüle edebilecek pek çok programın kullanıldığı bir simülasyon modeli oluşturulmuştur. Önerilen simülasyon modelinde, binanın enerji tüketiminin ve konfor koşullarına uygunluğunun belirlenmesine yönelik iç ortam verilerinin elde edilmesinde EnergyPlus, Window 5.2, Comis ve Delight, atriumdaki hava tabakalaşmasının belirlenmesinde Fluent ve Gambit kullanılmıştır. Simülasyon modeli sonucu elde edilen verilerin performans ölçütlerine uygunluğu araştırılarak, atrium tipi binanın enerji tüketimine ve kullanıcı konforuna yönelik performans değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır.In this study a model that aims to suggest a determination of an appropriate glazing and controlling system to meet energy performance and user comfort conditions in atrium buildings to solve the problems of excessive energy comsumption and insufficient user comfort conditions has been performed. The study has projected that the glazing system that forms the outer envelope of an atrium has to be designed to solve the problem of meeting the performance criteria to supply the requirements of user comfort and energy protection by the principles of sustainability and energy efficiency. Thermal and optic properties of the complex glazing system, infiltration, air movements between the adjacent zones and atrium, daylighting have been included in the calculations of total energy consumption of the atrium building and evaluations of the indoor environmental conditions according to the comfort requirements. Furthermore calculations of the air stratification of atrium have been done. In the study, for performance evaluation of an atrium building, total energy use, air stratification and air flow structure were computed with the interaction of the different simulation programs EnergyPlus and Fluent, as well as the auxiliary tools Window 5.2, Comis, Delight and Gambit that support them. An application model has been achieved in order to test the conceptual model by the simulation method. As a result of the application of the prototype atrium building, the optimum glazing alternative has been selected, total energy consumption has been calculated and the indoor environmental factors that affect user comfort conditions have been obtained.DoktoraPh

Completing the missing link in building design process: Enhancing post-occupancy evaluation method for effective feedback for building performance

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription.This paper provides a review of the improvements in the evaluation of building performance and introduces a new method for post-occupancy evaluation (POE) to complete the missing link in the building design process. Existing studies were reviewed to understand the possible reasons for the missing link of “building performance feedback”. The intention of this paper is to set out a new vision for how future post-occupancy evaluation can close the building performance feedback loop to better inform building design. The spatial mapping method adopted extends the use of building information modeling (BIM), which has shown great potential for the future of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, and uses geographical information systems (GIS), which is a powerful tool for analyzing and visualizing relationships between geographical units and their data. This study explores how to establish a communication platform for different stakeholders in order to engage them in the collaborative effort of continuous building performance improvement by using the results of POE embedded into BIM. In this paper, the experiences of a POE study of a LEED® Platinum building and a historical building on a university campus are reported as examples to illustrate the proposed new method.TÜBİTAK ; Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institut

A BIM-GIS integrated pre-retrofit model for building data mapping

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription.In response to rising energy costs and the impetus to reduce environmental impacts, upgrading the large building stock that is responsible for 40% of the total energy consumption to maximum energy efficiency is becoming an important task. Despite the many benefits associated with retrofit projects, they are still only slowly being implemented because of the many challenges that exist. One of these challenges is optimizing the decision between renovation scenarios based on economic and environmental goals, which can be made possible with an accurate pre-retrofit model. The intention of this paper is to introduce a pre-retrofit model that efficiently obtains and integrates multiple forms of building data as a critical step to develop a comprehensive understanding of a building to be renovated. Opportunities for utilizing building information modeling (BIM) and geographical information systems (GIS) for retrofitting projects were explored through the study of a historical campus building. With the use of as-is geometric data and as-is data, building data maps were obtained. The next step of this study is to use the model to conduct scenarios comparison and optimize renovation decision based on economic and environmental goals.Joan & Irwin Jacobs Technion-Cornell Innovation Institute (JTCII) ; TÜBİTA

Completing the missing link in building design process: Enhancing post-occupancy evaluation method for effective feedback for building performance

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription.This paper provides a review of the improvements in the evaluation of building performance and introduces a new method for post-occupancy evaluation (POE) to complete the missing link in the building design process. Existing studies were reviewed to understand the possible reasons for the missing link of “building performance feedback”. The intention of this paper is to set out a new vision for how future post-occupancy evaluation can close the building performance feedback loop to better inform building design. The spatial mapping method adopted extends the use of building information modeling (BIM), which has shown great potential for the future of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, and uses geographical information systems (GIS), which is a powerful tool for analyzing and visualizing relationships between geographical units and their data. This study explores how to establish a communication platform for different stakeholders in order to engage them in the collaborative effort of continuous building performance improvement by using the results of POE embedded into BIM. In this paper, the experiences of a POE study of a LEED® Platinum building and a historical building on a university campus are reported as examples to illustrate the proposed new method.TÜBİTAK ; Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institut

Kent dışı bir üniversite kampüsünün dış mekânlarında ısıl konfor, kullanım ve mekân dizim analizi [Thermal comfort, behavioral mapping and space syntax analysis of outdoor spaces in a suburban campus]

Purpose: The main aim of this study is to identify the physical design attributes and spatial configuration characteristics of suburban university campuses that are associated with the user performance of their outdoor spaces. The primary objectives are to demonstrate the extent to which the introverted life prevalent in suburban university campuses continue on their outdoor spaces; to evaluate how comfortable and social outdoor space users are; and to reveal the extent to which physical user-oriented attributes and spatial configuration of outdoor spaces are associated with outdoor space use. Theory and Methods: There are three methods used in this study. First, used/under-used outdoor spaces in the campus were determined through users’ behavioral mapping in selected open spaces. Second, the extent of user comfort in outdoor was investigated through questionnaires. Third, spatial configuration of outdoor spaces was evaluated through space syntax methodology to determine the integrated and segregated spaces within the campus. Results: Findings indicate that spatial configuration and user-oriented attributes (i.e. sitting and shading elements) work mutually in enhancing user performance of outdoor spaces in a suburban university campus. Hence, effective planning of user-oriented elements in strategically defined spaces (i.e. on integrated axes) is required to support user activity in these open spaces. Conclusion: Particularly in suburban university campuses it is critical to create a collective life through the strategic design of outdoor spaces. The results of the study suggest that strengths and weaknesses of university campus design can be identified and design strategies for potential improvements to their design can be developed through the comprehensive methodology applied in this study

An Investigation of Occupant Energy-Saving Behavior in Vernacular Houses of Behramkale (Assos)

Despite its well-known potential to reduce energy use, the inquiry of whether vernacular architecture prompts its occupants to have energy-saving behavior has been neglected. This paper aims to investigate the influence of vernacular houses on the behavior of their occupants and other parameters affecting occupant behavior. Along with site observations, 117 surveys including multiple choice and open-ended questions were conducted with households living in vernacular houses and new houses in the historical settlement, Behramkale (Assos). A principal component analysis was conducted for the whole sample to determine whether there is a relationship between energy saving occupant behavior and energy use, household, and housing characteristics. Then further analyses were performed to explore the differences in descriptive properties of occupants. Household characteristics were found to be associated with occupant behavior. The females and married people tended to show more energy-saving behavior and sought to use their houses in more environmentally friendly ways. The older people were more likely to show no-cost energy-saving behavior. The households with high income and high-level education tended to invest in energy-efficient appliances but consumed more energy than other households. Besides the effects of household characteristics, historical heritage, and landscape values specific to the area influenced occupant behavior. Vernacular houses enabled the households to behave in a certain way and to continue the traditional daily habits related to sustainable, energy-saving behaviors