Relaciones energéticas entre China y Kazajstán después de la Guerra Fría

Energy has maintained its importance for humanity since the ancient periods of history to this day. This importance has increased with the increasingly dependence of industrial development on the use of energy. As a matter of fact, the value loaded into energy over time has also been discussed with different dimensions. At the point reached today, energy forms part of national security. It is also indisputable that it will maintain this position in the future, as it did yesterday and today. The issue of energy security is now being considered in the national security dimension for all parties that need or hold this resource. In this aspect, it is not only a security issue that concerns nations, but also the focus of attention of the international system. In this aspect, the aspect of energy security that connects states in international relations stands out. Our study considers the concept of energy security through Kazakhstan and China and emphasizes different aspects of this concept within the two countries. The energy views and challenges of the two countries are presented within the framework of the concept of energy security and emphasis is placed on developing relations.La energía ha mantenido su importancia para la humanidad desde los períodos antiguos de la historia hasta el día de hoy. Esta importancia ha aumentado con la creciente dependencia del desarrollo industrial del uso de la energía. De hecho, el valor cargado en energía a lo largo del tiempo también se ha discutido con diferentes dimensiones. Al punto alcanzado hoy, la energía forma parte de la seguridad nacional. También es indiscutible que mantendrá esta posición en el futuro, como lo hizo ayer y hoy. El tema de la seguridad energética ahora se está considerando en la dimensión de seguridad nacional para todas las partes que necesitan o tienen este recurso. En este aspecto, no sólo es un tema de seguridad que preocupa a las naciones, sino también el foco de atención del sistema internacional. En este aspecto destaca la vertiente de la seguridad energética que conecta a los Estados en las relaciones internacionales. Nuestro estudio considera el concepto de seguridad energética a través de Kazajstán y China y enfatiza diferentes aspectos de este concepto dentro de los dos países. Las visiones y desafíos energéticos de los dos países se presentan en el marco del concepto de seguridad energética y se hace énfasis en el desarrollo de las relaciones

The effect of steroid injection by Novel method in carpal tunnel syndrome on pain severity and electrophysiological findings

Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of local steroid injection therapy with the Novel method on subjective patient complaints and electrophysiological investigations at the end of 3 months. Methods: 101 hands of 59 subjects (5 men and 54 women) with mild carpal tunnel syndrome received steroid injection with the Novel technique. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to determine the severity of pain. Nerve conduction findings obtained prior to and 3 months after the injection were compared using the VAS. Results: According to the VAS, mean pain severity for the right hand (n:56) was 7.79±1.4 before the injection, and 3.29±1.9 at 3 months. Mean pain severity for the left hand (n=45) was 7.71±1.2 before the injection, and 3.16±2.0 at 3 months. Median motor nerve distal latency was statistically significant for both hands after the injection (p<0.001). Median motor velocity was statistically non-significant in both hands after the injection. After the injection, median sensory distal latency, amplitude and velocity were statistically significant for both hands. Conclusion: The present study showed the efficacy of local steroid injection therapy on subjective complaints and electrophysiological findings in mild carpal tunnel syndrome. Because the improvement is greater in the non-dominant hand compared to the other, splints should be used to keep the hand in neutral position and hand rest should be employed in addition to the local injection

Prothrombin Gene Mutation as a Risk Factor in Young Ischemic Stroke: A Case Report

Stroke at young age is the stroke seen under the age of 45 years with the incidence range between 2.5 and 40/100.000. Stroke at young age is account for 4-10% of overall stroke cases. The majority of strokes in young adults are of ischemic origin. The causes of young ischemic strokes are different than those of advanced age and many analyses may be required to find out the underlying reason. These analyses include cerebral angiography, transesophageal echocardiography, tests to detect coagulation disorders, and investigation of collagen vascular diseases. Studies have most frequently focused on FV Leiden, MTHFR C677T and Prothrombin G20210A, which are among prothrombotic gene mutations in thrombophilia panel. Herein, a young female case with young ischemic stroke, in which heterozygote polymorphism of prothrombotic gene has been detected, was presented

Correlation with Platelet Parameters and Genetic Markers of Thrombophilia Panel (Factor II g.20210G > A, Factor V Leiden, MTHFR (C677T, A1298C), PAI-1, beta-Fibrinogen, Factor XIIIA (V34L), Glycoprotein IIIa (L33P)) in Ischemic Strokes

WOS: 000377435300004PubMed: 26951304An important type of arterial thrombosis, ischemic stroke is associated with increased mortality risk, severe disability and life quality impairment. In this study, we analyzed mean platelet volume, platelet count values and genetic thrombophilia markers of patients who have ischemic stroke history and searched the relationship with genetic predisposition of ischemic strokes and platelet parameters. A retrospective, clinical trial was performed by reviewing the ischemic stroke history (except cryptogenic events) of 599 patients and 100 controls. The results of the genetic thrombophilia panel were used to classify the study group and control group into low and high risk for thrombophilia groups. The high-risk group included patients homozygous/heterozygous for Factor II g.20210G > A or Factor V Leiden mutations with/without any other polymorphism. The low-risk group included patients heterozygous or homozygous for MTHFR (C677T, A1298C), PAI-1, beta-fibrinogen, Factor XIIIA (V34L) and glycoprotein IIIa (L33P) polymorphisms or negative in terms of both mutations and polymorphisms. The results of study showed us that high-risk group mutations are important risk factors for ischemic stroke but low-risk group polymorphisms are not significant. According to platelet parameters, although there was a significant difference between MPV and PLT values of ischemic stroke and control group, thrombophilia mutations and polymorphisms have not a significant effect on MPV and PLT values in ischemic stroke patients

THE DOSE INDEX IS RELATED WITH MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Purpose: Composite measures have potential to account for many of the facets of disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the DOSE (Dyspnea, Obstruction, Smoking, Exacerbation) Index which is a multi-component assessment tool and handgrip and respiratory muscle strength, activities of daily living (ADL) and health-related quality of life in patients COPD

Coping with Institutional and Financial Crises in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries: Ensuring the Survival of Ottoman Royal Waqfs

The Ottoman Empire had inherited the waqf (charitable foundation) as an institutionalized form of charity from the Near Eastern Islamic states, which had preceded it. Over time, new forms of charitable foundations emerged, while with the expansion of the Empire, waqfs grew in number and spread geographically. Donors created over fifty thousand charitable foundations, making them into the most widespread institution in Ottoman history. Some waqfs, the largest ones in particular, survived for many centuries. However, sometimes continued functioning was under severe threat, due to wars, epidemics, natural disasters, and rebellions. To overcome financial straits, the waqfs resorted to a variety of measures. Occasionally, a royal waqf in difficulty received assistance from other foundations established by sultans and/or their relatives. Administrators reduced current expenditures, sometimes even suspending salaries and charitable services. Moreover, through long-term lease contracts involving substantial down payments by the lessees, waqf administrators often raised the money needed to restore damaged properties. In the present paper, we study Ottoman royal waqfs when exposed to adversities and financial hardships. As administrators reacted with considerable flexibility, the claim that the waqfs were rigid institutions is in obvious need of revision

THE DOSE INDEX IS RELATED WITH MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION, ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING, AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Purpose: Composite measures have potential to account for many of the facets of disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the DOSE (Dyspnea, Obstruction, Smoking, Exacerbation) Index which is a multi-component assessment tool and handgrip and respiratory muscle strength, activities of daily living (ADL) and health-related quality of life in patients COPD

Exercise Capacity and Activities of Daily Living are Related in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Introduction: The knowledge of the relationship between exercise capacity and activities of daily living (ADLs) is important to minimize the negative outcomes in ADLs resulting from reduced exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is a limited study about the association between exercise capacity and ADLs in patients with COPD. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between maximal exercise capacity and ADLs in patients with GOLD stage II-III COPD