Anthropology is the discipline but the goal is ethnography

In this debate piece, I argue that there is something more important than the discipline of anthropology, and that is the ability of anthropologists to study the world through ethnography and transmit that understanding back to global populations as education. An inwardly directed concern only with our discipline can sometimes constrain both of these tasks

Anti-cancer and anti-hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase activity of etodolac 1,2,4-triazoles

Arachidonic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid liberated from phospholipids of cell membranes. NSAIDs are known as targets of cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-1, COX-2 and COX-3) in arachidonic acid metabolism. This mechanism of COX-2 in carcinogenesis causes cancer. In addition, COX-2 plays a role in the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of our study was to improve effective agents against HCV. A novel series of new etodolac 1,2,4-triazoles derivatives (4a-h) have been synthesized and investigated for their activity against HCV NS5B polymerase. Compound 4a was found to be the most active with IC50 value of 14.8 M. In accordance with these results, compound 4a was screened for anti-cancer activity on liver cancer cell lines (Huh7, Mahlavu, HepG2, FOCUS). Compound 4a showed anti-cancer activity against Huh7 human hepatoma cell line with IC50 value of 4.29 M. Therefore, compound 4a could be considered as a new anti-cancer and anti-HCV lead compound. © 2015 Informa UK Ltd

Potentiometric and Chromatographic Study of Cu(II) and Al(III) Complexes of Quercetin

In this study, the stability constants of the copper(II) and aluminium(III) complexes of quercetin were determined potentiometrically by using Calvin-Bjerrum and Irwing Rossotti methods. The protonation constants of quercetin were found: logK(1) = 11.15 +/- 0.118, logK(2) = 10.42 +/- 0.144, logK(3) = 9.44 +/- 0.162, logK(4) = 8.28 +/- 0.151. For copper complex formation constant was found by Irwing-Rossotti method: logK(1) = 19.92 +/- 0.367 and for aluminium complex complex: logK(1) = 23.02 +/- 0.459. From the results, the components of quercetin / metal complexes are given as 1/1 both copper(II) and aluminium(III). A reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed for the metal complexes which were prepared according to potentiometric results with the ratio quercetin / metal = 1/1. Mobile phase was 0.01 M HClO4/8.33 x 10(-5) M quercetin in Methanol (40/60), column was XTerra RP18, 5 mu m, 4.6 x 150 mm, detector was Diode Array Detector at lambda = 373 ve 421 nm (band width 4nm)

The influence of extraction method on antioxidant potential of Tilia argentea flowers and bracts

The objective of this work was to compare the extraction of phenolic compounds from Tilia argentea flowers and bracts by using conventional (solvent extraction) and novel (ultrasound assisted) extraction methods. Ethanol (70 %) extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activities. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. To determine the effect of ultrasound treatment on the extraction, same extraction parameters were applied in both methods. The results showed that extracts obtained by ultrasound assisted extraction have higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity

The influence of extraction method on antioxidant potential of Tilia argentea flowers and bracts

The objective of this work was to compare the extraction of phenolic compounds from Tilia argentea flowers and bracts by using conventional (solvent extraction) and novel (ultrasound assisted) extraction methods. Ethanol (70 %) extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activities. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH radical scavenging and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. To determine the effect of ultrasound treatment on the extraction, same extraction parameters were applied in both methods. The results showed that extracts obtained by ultrasound assisted extraction have higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity

Evaluation of Hydrazide-hydrazone and 4-thiazolidinone Derivatives of Etodolac as Potential Anticancer Agents in Leukemia Cells

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are commonly used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, have also been found to prevent cancer. (±)(R,S) Etodolac is an NSAID that belongs to the class of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Various derivatives of etodolac are synthesized to boost its anti-proliferative action and lessen its potential negative effects. In our earlier studies, some novel derivatives of etodolac exhibited stronger cytotoxic effects on prostate cell lines and had similar effects on leukemia cells in pre-screening experiments.Objective: Using the K562 leukemia cell line as a model, we sought to investigate the anti-cancer properties of a hydrazide-hydrazone derivative (SGK-205) and a 4-thiazolidinone derivative of etodolac (SGK- 216).Materials and Methods: In the current investigation, SGK-205 and SGK-216 compounds were administered to K562 cells for 24 and 48 hours at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT test, and apoptosis by Annexin V-PI staining and mitochondrial membrane potential assays, together with mRNA expressions of apoptotic proteins. The levels of the proteins, HER2 and COX2, were also examined to evaluate COX2 inhibitory capacity.Results: In K562 cells, there was a definite dose-dependent response to SGK-205 and SGK-216 compounds. Results from MTT viability tests, together with mitochondrial membrane potential measurements and Annexin V-PI staining, revealed that SGK-216 and SGK-205 significantly outperformed etodolac in terms of their apoptotic and anti-proliferative activities. The concentration range of 10-20 μM for both chemicals was sufficient to start biological responses. Apoptosis was also investigated through the expressions of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Additionally, gene expression research demonstrated SGK- 205 to be a beneficial substitute to etodolac in lowering COX-2 and human epidermal growth factor receptor- 2 (HER2) expression.Conclusion: Our data indicated both derivatives to have higher anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects compared to etodolac. An overall assessment highlighting apoptotic induction potential, acceptable toxicity levels, a consistent dose-response relationship, and COX2 inhibitory actions, in particular, indicated SGK-205 as a viable novel therapeutic.</p