Identification of Risk Factors for Breast Cancer for Women in Istanbul

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer type seen in women, accounts for 18% of all cancer types in women and the risk of a woman to get breast cancer during her life is 11%. These notified rates enable breast cancer to be defined as a preventable and if pre-diagnosed, a treatable cancer type, despite it was regarded as a terrifying type of cancer in the past. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the lifestyle pattern of women without breast cancer in Istanbul. Method: The study was carried out as a descriptive and cross-sectional study with 1000 women. Results: The majority of the women (29.7%) were in the 35-44 year old age group. Out of these 93.1% gave birth before the age of 30, 29.5% breastfed for 7-12 months, 65.8% started menarche between 13-15 years of age (mean of 13.3 years), 15.5% were in menopause and had entered menopause at a mean age of 46.5 years. Their mean body mass index was 24.3kg/m2 and 24.5% of them preferred foods containing high fat content. The majority of the women (85.4%) did not participate in sports regularly. One third (30.3%) of the women had underwent Breast Self Examination. There was a positive family history of breast cancer for 12.1% of the women. Conclusion: Sedentary lifestyles, lower Breast Self Examination and routine mammography rates and family histories of breast cancer were the risk factors that needed to be given priority for further action

Bacterial pathogens from Diprion pini L. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) and their biocontrol potential

Microbial insecticides have become increasingly important in recent years for the control of insect pests. Among microbial insecticides, insect pathogenic bacteria and their toxins have been the most commercially successful and hold potential for further development. In this study, we investigated the isolation and identification of some potential pathogenic bacteria from Diprion pini L. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) which is a serious pest of pine forests worldwide. A total of eighteen bacteria were isolated, ten bacteria from dead D. pini larvae and eight bacteria from healthy larvae. The bacterial strains were characterized by their morphological features, 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In addition, these bacteria and four Bacillus thuringiensis strains (isolated from pine forest soil) were tested against D. pini larvae under laboratory conditions. The bacterial isolates were identified as Kluyvera intermedia O-1, O-8, O-10 and S-3, Proteus mirabilis O-2, Klebsiella oxytoca O-3, Bacillus sp. O-4, Pantoea agglomerans O-5 and S-5, Serratia marcescens O-6, Pseudomonas sp. O-7, Acinetobacter sp. O-9, Enterobacter sp. S-1 and S-9, Bacillus pumilus S-2, Enterobacter cancerogenus S-4, Pseudoclavibacter sp. S-6 and Arthrobacter sp. S-8. All isolates showed different insecticidal activity against the pest and the highest mortality was obtained from P. mirabilis O-2 with 100% within ten days after exposure. The highest mortality among B. thuringiensis strains was obtained from B. thuringiensis 37 - 4 with 56.67%. This is the first study of determination of the culturable bacterial diversity within D. pini and the obtained results might be beneficial for biocontrol of D. pini.Microbial insecticides have become increasingly important in recent years for the control of insect pests. Among microbial insecticides, insect pathogenic bacteria and their toxins have been the most commercially successful and hold potential for further development. In this study, we investigated the isolation and identification of some potential pathogenic bacteria from Diprion pini L. (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) which is a serious pest of pine forests worldwide. A total of eighteen bacteria were isolated, ten bacteria from dead D. pini larvae and eight bacteria from healthy larvae. The bacterial strains were characterized by their morphological features, 16 S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In addition, these bacteria and four Bacillus thuringiensis strains (isolated from pine forest soil) were tested against D. pini larvae under laboratory conditions. The bacterial isolates were identified as Kluyvera intermedia O-1, O-8, O-10 and S-3, Proteus mirabilis O-2, Klebsiella oxytoca O-3, Bacillus sp. O-4, Pantoea agglomerans O-5 and S-5, Serratia marcescens O-6, Pseudomonas sp. O-7, Acinetobacter sp. O-9, Enterobacter sp. S-1 and S-9, Bacillus pumilus S-2, Enterobacter cancerogenus S-4, Pseudoclavibacter sp. S-6 and Arthrobacter sp. S-8. All isolates showed different insecticidal activity against the pest and the highest mortality was obtained from P. mirabilis O-2 with 100% within ten days after exposure. The highest mortality among B. thuringiensis strains was obtained from B. thuringiensis 37 - 4 with 56.67%. This is the first study of determination of the culturable bacterial diversity within D. pini and the obtained results might be beneficial for biocontrol of D. pini

Genetic Aspect of Headache

Headache is a multifactorial disease and the genetic basis is not clear yet. We review recent findings about molecular basis of subtypes of headache. The fundamentals of molecular genetics and the recent advances in this area are important for clinicians to understand the pathogenesis of the disorder. Recent studies provide a foundation for critical appraisal of the literature, unprecedented insights and reveal promising treatment targets for future drug development. This chapter provides an overview of molecular genetics, epigenetic and genome‐wide association studies on headache. In summary, we try to explain the state‐of‐the‐art molecular basis of headache and the possible future direction in this field of research studies. According to recent studies the main types of are evaluative, exploratory about molecular basis of headache. In recent years, new studies have been designed to provide an update and understanding of the modern day genetics, the advances in genetic research and methods and a basis for understanding the strategy by which advances in molecular genetics can be applied for understanding complex polygenetic diseases such as migraine

Soil isolation, identification, and virulence testing of Turkish entomopathogenic fungal strains: a potential native isolate of Beauveria bassiana for the control of Leptinotarsa decemlineata

The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the most important pests of potatoes and causes great losses in potato production worldwide. Chemical insecticides are primarily used to control this pest, but this has rapidly caused insecticide resistance. In this study, 24 entomopathogenic fungi were obtained from 43 soil samples in potato fields and identified by ITS gene sequencing. Nine of the isolates were identified as Beauveriabassiana (Bals.) Vuill and 15 as Metarhizium sp. All fungal isolates were first tested against the adults and larvae of CPB under laboratory conditions. The most effective isolate was determined as B. bassiana SK-8 with 86% mortality and mycosis against adults, and 100% mortality and 80% mycosis against larvae. Therefore, isolate SK-8 was further characterized by phylogenetic analysis using bloc, rpb1 and tef gene sequences and this also confirmed that the isolate SK-8 was B. bassiana. B. bassiana SK-8 was finally tested against adults and larvae of CPB under field conditions. LC50 values were estimated as 3.42 x 10(6) and 1.15 x 10(7) conidia ml(-1) for adults and larvae, respectively. LC90 values were estimated as 1.12 x 10(9) and 4.08 x 10(10) conidia ml(-1) for adults and larvae, respectively. Consequently, B. bassiana SK-8 seems to be a promising biocontrol control agent against CPB

Crystal structure of 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-(2-nitrophenyl)azetidin-2-one with an unknown solvate

Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to the X-ray laboratory of Dicle University Scientific and Technological Applied and Research Center, Diyarbakir, Turkey, for use of the X-ray diffractometer. AJ and HAS thank the Shiraz University Research Council for financial support.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Sağlık yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin antibiyotik kullanma durumlarının incelenmesi

Objective: To determine the frequency of antibiotic use, behaviors related to antibiotic use the student nurses’ and influential factors. Method: This cross-sectional study was made by using questionnaire form, on 290 students in Zonguldak Karaelmas University School of Health. Data were evaluated by descriptive statistical methods and Chi-Square Test. Results: About 93.8% of the students were used the antibiotics during at least once.28.7% of the students also were used the antibiotics during the last a month. 77.9% of the students were started antibiotic use with doctor’s prescription. Female and second class students were higher rate started to the antibiotic use with doctor’s prescription (p<0.05). It was determined that 38.3% of the students who were used to antibiotics without doctor’s prescription were used the antibiotics themselves prescription. It was determined to the most frequently use of analgesic (66.4%) with antibiotics of students’ (50.4%).Conclusion: As a result of this study, it recommended that the students should be consolidated knowledge correctly use of antibiotics.Amaç: Çalışmanın amacı, öğrenci hemşirelerin antibiyotik kullanma sıklıklarını, antibiyotik kullanımına ilişkin davranışlarını ve bu davranışları etkileyen faktörleri belirlemektir. Yöntem: Kesitsel tipteki bu çalışma, Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Sağlık Yüksekokulu’nda okuyan 290 öğrenci ile anket uygulanarak yapılmıştır. Veriler, tanımlayıcı istatistiksel yöntemler ve ki-testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin %93.8’i en az bir kez antibiyotik kullanmıştır. % 28.7’si de son bir ay içinde antibiyotik kullanmıştır. Öğrencilerin %77.9’u antibiyotik kullanımına doktor reçetesiyle başlamıştır. Kız öğrencilerin ve ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinin daha yüksek oranda antibiyotik kullanımına doktor reçetesiyle başladığı belirlenmiştir.(p<0.05). Reçetesiz antibiyotik kullanan öğrencilerin %38.3’ünün kendi kendine antibiyotik kullandığı belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin (%50.4) antibiyotik ile birlikte en sık analjezik (%66.4) kullandıkları belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışma sonucunda, öğrencilerin doğru antibiyotik kullanımı konusundaki bilgilerinin pekiştirilmesi önerilmektedir

Antibacterial activity of bryophyte species against Paenibacillus larvae isolates

This study was performed to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of 23 bryophyte species against Paenibacillus larvae isolates that cause American foulbrood diseases in honeybee larvae. The honey and larva samples were collected from nine different locations of Rize in Turkey. A total of 22 gram-positive spore-forming bacteria were isolated from the larva and honey samples. According to the results of morphological, biochemical, and molecular (16S rRNA gene sequencing) tests, 10 isolates of the 22 gram-positive spore-forming bacteria were identified as P. larvae. A total of 10 bryophyte species (Polytrichum formasum,Polytrichum commune, Calliergonella cuspitada, Calliergonella lindbergi, Metzgeria conjugata, Isothecium alopecuroides, Syntrichia calcicola, Syntrichia intermedia, Tortella densa,and Grimmia alpestris) among 23 bryophytes showed good antimicrobial activity against P. larvae isolates according the results of agar-well diffusion method and minimal inhibition concentration experiments

Novel SNARE Complex Polymorphisms Associated with Multiple Sclerosis: Signs of Synaptopathy in Multiple Sclerosis

Background: It is well known that axonal degeneration plays a role in disability in patients with multiple sclerosis, and synaptopathy has recently become an important issue.Aims: To investigate the possible roles of selected synaptic and presynaptic membrane protein genetic polymorphisms (VAMP2, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin, and syntaxin 1A) in patients with multiple sclerosis.Study Design: Case-control study.Methods: A total of 123 patients with multiple sclerosis and 192 healthy controls were included. The functional polymorphisms of specific SNARE complex proteins (VAMP2, synaptotagmin XI, syntaxin 1A, and SNAP-25) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction.Results: Significant differences were detected in the genotype and allele distribution of 26-bp Ins/Del polymorphisms of VAMP2 between patients with multiple sclerosis and control subjects; Del/Del genotype and Del allele of VAMP2 were more frequent in patients with multiple sclerosis (p=0.011 and p=0.004, respectively). Similarly, Ddel polymorphism of SNAP-25 gene C/C genotype (p=0.059), syntaxin 1A T/C and C/C genotypes (p=0.005), and synaptotagmin XI gene C allele (p=0.001) were observed more frequently in patients with multiple sclerosis. CC, syntaxin rs1569061 1A gene for 33-bp promoter region TC haplotypes, and synaptotagmin XI gene were found to be associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis (p=0.012). Similarly, GC haplotype for rs3746544 of SNAP-25 gene and rs1051312 of SNAP-25 gene were associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis (p=0.022).Conclusion: Genetic polymorphisms of SNARE complex proteins, which have critical roles in synaptic structure and communication, may play a role in the development of multiple sclerosis