Proceedings of the Conference on Human and Economic Resources

This study analyzes whether Turkey ensures energy security, compared to some criteria in regard to various energy resources, or not. The paper will firstly explain the meaning of energy security and its main concepts such as energy diversity and storage. Given answer to the question how energy security is perceived in some countries like USA, EU, China, and Russia, the paper takes an interest in Turkey’s energy security. To determine the amount of energy dependency of Turkey, the paper concentrates on the consumption and production of various energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas in the country. Then it emphasizes over the diversification of energy suppliers and emergency policies under some energy crisis. Energy has a vital importance in human life and is perhaps one of the most important factors in economic growth. Until 1970, energy was cheap and easily obtained compared today. After the oil crisis of 1973 this situation has been gradually changed and most of the countries started to face with energy problem. Energy security has been the main foreign policy issue for some countries. Particularly USA puts very active foreign policies into practice for energy security. Similarly EU creates some projects to secure energy for Europe. IEA puts minimum requirement such as 90 days oil stocks to prevent possible effects of oil crisis for members. Turkey seems to be a non self-sufficient country in respect to oil and natural gas according the recent data and has to import growing energy demand from other countries. Therefore, energy security should be the main problem in Turkey’s energy policies. But there are some problems for securing energy in reality. Especially Turkey has diversification problems for natural gas unlike oil. Turkey has no storage facility for natural gas and also didn’t perform to lay minimum 90 days oil stock down as a necessary condition of IEA up to now. Finally we can say that Turkey will live serious energy security problems if it faces with any shortage in oil or natural gas.energy, security, Turkey

Determination of women’s voting behavior; A machine learning approach in the Turkish political arena

Justice and Development Party (AKP) has been the ruling and biggest party in Turkey (AKP) since it has been established in 2002 and Republican People’s Party (CHP) has been the main opposition party (CHP) since then. These two parties receive about 75% of all the votes and half of the voters are females.  To our knowledge, there is no such a study focusing on women’s party preferences in Turkey. Additionally, this is one of the very few studies in Turkey concerning voters’ party preferences. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature. In this study, the important attributes of women in party selection decisions are analyzed. Center-periphery and social mobility theories are the two main theories explaining Turkish political life. The analyzed ideological, cultural, religious, social, economic and demographic characteristics of women supporters are selected according to these theories. Machine-learning techniques are employed as predictive tools. Results show that ideological attitudes like being leftist-rightist and religious values like headscarf, fasting in Ramadan, and praying are the most important effective attributes on party selection of women. However, socioeconomic, cultural, educational and demographic atributes are not effective on party selection of women in Turkey

Review of Economic Freedom Impact on FDI: New Evidence from Fragile and Conflict Countries

AbstractThe present thesis aims at investigating the macroeconomic impact of economic freedom on foreign direct investments inflows in both global and regional panel analysis concerning 156 countries through the periods of 1995-2013. Unlike existing literature, it includes often neglected nations such as Fragile and Conflict-Affected states, Sub-Saharan, Oceania, and Post-Soviet countries. This present study investigates not only the global impact of economic freedom on FDI inflows but also makes regional analysis. The paper finds a positive impact of economic freedom on FDI under fixed-effects model in global case where a unit change in economic freedom scales FDI inflows up to 0.0835 units. More specifically, all 9 regions also refer to positive and significant impact of economic freedom on FDI. The highest impact is recorded in European countries, whereas the lowest ones are documented in Oceania and Fragile-Conflict affected states

The role of women in the formation of civil society in post-1980 Turkey

Ankara : Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Bilkent Univ., 1993.Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Bilkent University, 1993.Includes bibliographical references leaves 315-341This study aims to draw a theoretical discussion on the features of the Turkish feminist groups and their contributions to the development of civil society in post-1980 Turkey. It has been reached to the conclusion that Turkish feminist groups have created a new set of politics in Turkey through the success of changing many women's and men's thinking. Through the focus on conciseness raising, on non- oppressive relations between man and woman, on creating a counter-culture and alternative institutions, Turkish feminist groups have represented a new politics in Turkey. Turkish feminist groups have incorporated into particular as well as universal discourses. With respect to their particular discourses feminist groups serve for the aims of the Turkish state. However, With respect to the common discourses which they share with their Western counterparts they constitute a substantial element of civil society in Turkey. These discourses are particular to their own interest as well as differentiate feminist women from the "man-like" generation of the women who once served for the aims of the Republican Turkey.Çaha, ÖmerPh.D

Environmentalism and the relativization of the state policy in regard with the environment in Turkey

Ankara : Department of Political Science and Public Administration of Bilkent Univ., 1990.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 1990.Includes bibliographical refences.The aim of this thesis is to analyse the relationship between state and society in regard with the environment. It is a common view that the state has been quate autonomous and independent of social groups in Turkish political history. It has smothered the social groups whenever possible and originated the main source of the political norms and the value system. However, some new arguments draw attention to the 1980s in Turkey and discuss that there has emerged a shift in state policy. The state’s emphasis given the consumption galvanized the emergence of politically organized social groups dealing with the same matter. The study results with the evidence indicating a change in trend of state policy under the two different impacts. First, the environment transcends the national boundary and thus creates an international concern. The international treaties put a limit on the state power and end its being an ultimate authority for its citizens. This is argued in that study as fulfilling the function of aristocracy. Second the environmental groups in Turkey have influenced the state policy both in local and national level. The state policy comes .frequently be determined on the basis of the recommendations of the environmental groups. The changing trend in state policy in regard with environment is termed as the "relativization of the state policy."Çaha, ÖmerM.S

Interactions between wear and corrosion on cast and sintered Ti-12Nb alloy in comparison with the commercial Ti-6Al-4V alloy

This work investigates the corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of alpha + beta Ti-12Nb alloy processed by casting and sintering, in 9 g/l NaCl solution at body temperature, and compares the results with the commercial Ti-6Al-4 V alloy. Different electrochemical techniques were used to access the corrosion behavior. Tribocorrosion behavior was studied at open circuit potential under continuous and intermittent sliding, and at anodic potentiostatic condition under continuous sliding. Results revealed that Ti-12Nb alloys presented similar tribocorrosion behavior although the sintered one exhibited a better corrosion behavior. Nevertheless, Ti-6Al-4 V presented better overall degradation resistance than both Ti-12Nb alloys.- This work was supported by FCT national funds, under the national support to R&D units grant, through the reference project UIDB/04436/2020 and UIDP/04436/2020, together with M-ERA-NET/0001/2015, and co-supported by Brazilian agencies CNPq [grants #308.204/2017-4 and #125.954/2018-2] and FAPESP M-ERA-NET [grant #2015/50.280-5], also by MINECO (Spain) through the program PCIN-2016-123 and the Ramon y Cajal project RYC-2014-15014. I. Caha is grateful for a PhD grant under the NORTE-08-5369-FSE-000012 project

Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Ti-40Nb and Ti-25Nb-5Fe Alloys Processed by Powder Metallurgy

The requirement of good mechanical properties, lower Young's modulus, superior corrosion resistance, and excellent biocompatibility makes beta-type titanium alloys attractive materials for orthopedic implants. In this study, Ti-25Nb-5Fe and Ti-40Nb beta-type titanium alloys were designed and produced by powder metallurgy route using titanium hydride, niobium, and iron powders. The effect of sintering conditions on microstructure, corrosion, and tribocorrosion behavior was explored. Electrochemical behavior was investigated in saline solution (9 g/L NaCl) at body temperature by using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Tribocorrosion behavior was evaluated by reciprocating against an alumina ball at open circuit potential, as well, under anodic and cathodic potentiostatic conditions in saline solution (9 g/L NaCl) at body temperature. The physical, electrochemical, and tribo-electrochemical behaviors of both alloys were improved with increasing sintering time at 1250 °C from 2 to 4 hours and decreasing Fe particle size for Ti-25Nb-5Fe alloy. Degradation under tribocorrosion conditions was mainly governed by mechanical wear on Ti-25Nb-5Fe alloy; however, Ti-40Nb alloy exhibited an antagonistic effect between corrosion and wear during testing under anodic applied potential due to the formation of a denser tribolayer.This work is supported by FCT with the reference Project UID/EEA/04436/2019, together with M-ERA-NET/0001/2015, as well, by MINECO (Spain) through the program PCIN-2016-123 and the Ramón y Cajal Project RYC-2014-15014. I. Caha is grateful for the financial support through a Ph.D. Grant under the NORTE-08-5369-FSE-000012 Project

Improved tribocorrosion behavior obtained by in-situ precipitation of Ti2C in Ti-Nb alloy

Novel in-situ Ti-based matrix composites (TMCs) were developed through the reactive hot pressing of Ti + NbC powder blends. Due to the chemical reaction that occurred in the solid-state during processing, the produced samples were composed of an Nb-rich β-Ti phase that formed a metallic matrix along with Ti2C as a reinforcing phase. By employing different proportions of Ti:NbC, the phase composition of the alloys was designed to contain different ratios of α-Ti and β-Ti. The present work investigated the corrosion and tribocorrosion behavior of the composites, compared to unreinforced Ti, in a phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) at body temperature. Corrosion tests included potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Tribocorrosion tests were carried out using a ball-on-plate tribometer with sliding performed at open circuit potential (OCP) and under anodic potentiostatic conditions. Results showed that the stabilization of the β phase in the matrix led to a decrease in the hardness. However, the formation of the in-situ reinforcing phase significantly improved the tribocorrosion behavior of the composites due to a load-carrying effect, lowering the corrosion tendency and kinetics under sliding. Furthermore, localized corrosion was not observed at the interface between the reinforcing phase and the matrix.This work was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), grants #2017/24300-4, #2018/00746-6 and #2019/07953-0. Also, this work was partially supported by Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal, under UIDB/04436/2020 project

Hybrid multi-core shell magnetic nanoparticles for wet peroxide oxidation of paracetamol: application in synthetic and real matrices

Clean water availability is becoming a matter of global concern in the last decades. The responsible entities for wastewater treatment do not have the proper facilities to deal with a wide range of pollutants. Special attention should be given to emerging contaminants, whose presence in water bodies may cause adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystem and human health. Most studies in the literature do not consider the development of their solution in real matrices, which can hinder the applicability of the explored alternative in the real scenario. Therefore, in this work, we demonstrate the applicability of hybrid magnetic nanoparticles for removing paracetamol (PCM) from simulated and real matrices by catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO). To achieve carbon coating, the nanoparticles were prepared via the traditional route (resorcinol/formaldehyde, CoFe@CRF). A new methodology was also considered for synthesizing thin-layered carbon-coated magnetic nanoparticles (phloroglucinol/ glyoxalic acid, CoFe@CPG). TEM images revealed a multi-core shell structure formation, with an average carbon layer size of 7.8 ± 0.5 and 3.2 ± 0.3 nm for resorcinol/formaldehyde and phloroglucinol/ glyoxalic acid methodology, respectively. Screening the materials’ activity for PCM oxidation by CWPO revealed that the nanoparticle prepared by phloroglucinol/glyoxalic acid methodology has higher performance for the degradation of PCM, achieving 63.5% mineralization after 24 h of reaction, with similar results for more complex matrices. Iron leaching measured at the end of all reactions has proven that the carbon layer protects the core against leaching.This work was financially supported by project RTChip4Theranostics (NORTE-01–0145-FEDER-029394), by CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) through FEDER under Program PT2020. Fernanda F. Roman acknowledges the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) and the European Social Fund (FSE) for the individual research grant with reference SFRH/BD/143224/2019. Adriano Silva and Ana Paula F. da Silva were supported by the doctoral Grant SFRH/BD/151346/2021 and PRT/BD/ 153090/2021 financed by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) with funds from NORTE2020, under MIT Portugal Program. Jose L. Diaz De Tuesta acknowledges the financial support through the program of Atracción al Talento of Comunidad de Madrid (Spain) for the individual research grant 2022-T1/AMB-23946.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio