Experimental transmission trials by Cacopsylla pyri, collected from Pear Decline infected orchards in Turkey

A study was carried out on the experimental transmission efficiency of the Pear Decline (PD) phytoplasma by Cacopsylla pyri (L.) C. pyri were collected from naturally infected orchards in Bursa province (Plots B1 and B2) and a non-infected orchard in the Hatay-Antakya province (Plot A) of Turkey. C. pyri adults captured from infected orchards were placed directly onto healthy periwinkle plants (Catharanthus roseus), whereas the C. pyri from plot A were allowed to feed first on infected pear for two weeks, then transferred to healthy periwinkle plants. Groups of five psyllids per plant were used for transmissison tests and the study was replicated three times. The presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in psyllids and C. roseus plants was checked by nested PCR using P1/P7 and U3/U5 primer pairs. Although C. pyri have a limited host range they were able to survive up to 20 days on periwinkle plants. Insects collected from Bursa province survived 16-20 days whereas insects from Antakya survived 7-12 days on periwinkle plants. Symptoms consisted of yellowing or clearing of the veins in newly infected leaves, and shortening of the internodes of the main stem. The infected plants remained stunted and with small flowers. Results based on the RFLP analysis of infected plants exposed to psyllids from plot B1and B2 indicated that the experimental infection rate of periwinkle plants and psyllids was 33.3% and 16.6%, respectively. No infected periwinkle was found in plants exposed to psyllids from plot A, but the psyllids used for experimental transmission experiments were 33.3 % infected. Transmission trials under controlled conditions showed the capability of C. pyri to transmit PD from infected pears to healthy periwinkles and confirmed their potential as vectors of Ca. P. pyri in Turkey. Keywords: Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri, pear psyllid, transmission efficienc

Experimental transmission trials by Cacopsylla pyri, collected from pear decline infected orchards in Turkey

A study was carried out on the experimental transmission efficiency of the Pear Decline (PD) phytoplasma by Cacopsylla pyri (L.), collected from naturally infected orchards from Bursa and non-infected orchard from Hatay province of Turkey. C. pyri adults captured from infected orchards were directly transmitted to healthy periwinkle plants (Catharanthus roseus) whereas the second group firstly fed on infected pear for two weeks and then transferred to periwinkles. Groups of five psyllids per plant were used for transmissison tests and the study was replicated three times. The presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in psyllids and C. roseus plants was analysed by nested PCR using P1/P7 and U3/U5 primer pairs.. Although C. pyri has limited host range, they were able to survive up to 20 days on periwinkles. Insects collected from Bursa province survived 16-20 days whereas second group from Hatay were survived 7-12 days on periwinkles. Symptoms consist of a yellowing or clearing of the veins in newly infected leaves and shortening of the internodes of the main stem. They also remain stunted and flowers were small. According to the RFLP analysis of Bursa samples, the experimental infection rate of periwinkle plants and psyllids was 33.3 % and 16.6 %, respectively. No infected periwinkle was found in second group but psyllids were 33.3 % infected. Transmission trials under controlled conditions showed the capability of C. pyri to transmit PD from infected pears to healthy periwinkles and confirmed as vector of Ca. P. pyri in Turkey.Keywords: Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri, pear psyllid, transmission efficienc

Investigation of prevalence of dental anomalies by using digital panoramic radiographs

Background: This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of all types and subtypes of dental anomalies among 6- to 40-year-old patients by using panoramic radiographs. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by analysing digital panoramic radiographs of 1200 patients admitted to our clinic in 2014. Dental anomalies were examined under 5 types and 16 subtypes. Dental ano­malies were divided into 5 types: (a) number (including hypodontia, oligodontia and hyperdontia); (b) size (including microdontia and macrodontia); (c) structure (including amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dys­plasia); (d) position (including transposition, ectopia, displacement, impaction and inversion); (e) shape (including fusion-gemination, dilaceration and taurodontism). Results: The prevalence of dental anomalies diagnosed by panoramic radiographs was 39.2% (46% in men and 54% in women). Anomalies of position (60.8%) and shape (27.8%) were the most common types of abnormalities and anomalies of size (8.2%), structure (0.2%) and number (17%) were the least in both genders. Anomalies of impaction (45.5%), dilacerations (16.3%), hypodontia (13.8%) and taurodontism (11.2%) were the most common subtypes of dental anomalies. Taurodontism was more common in the age groups of 13–19 years. The age range of the most frequent of all other anomalies was 20–29. Conclusions: Anomalies of tooth position were the most common type of dental anomalies and structure anomalies were the least common in this Turkish po­pulation. The frequency and type of dental anomalies vary within and between populations, confirming the role of racial factors in the prevalence of dental ano­malies. Digital panoramic radiography is a very useful method for the detection of dental anomalies. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 2: 323–328

Serum Leptin Levels in Patients with Ocular and Nonocular Behçet's Disease

Aims. To investigate serum leptin levels in Behçet's patients with or without ocular involvement compared with healthy subjects and the relationship between serum leptin and uveitis activity in patients with ocular involvement. Methods. Fifty-seven patients with Behçet's disease and 20 healthy control subjects were included in this study. While 27 patients had ocular involvement (18 had acute uveitis, 9 had inactive ocular involvement), 30 did not have ocular disease. C-reactive protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin, and serum leptin levels were measured in all samples. Results. There was a significant difference between the patients with Behçet's disease and control group for both logarithm of leptin (P = .000) and logarithm of CRP (P = .031). Logarithm of leptin in non-ocular Behçet's patients was significantly higher compared to its level in ocular Behçet's disease and controls (P = .009). There was a significant difference between the patients with active ocular disease and control group (P = .03). Conclusions. Leptin might have a possible role in the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease

Symbols of Bosniak cultural identity: Accordion and Gusla

Müzikal üretimi etkileyen çalgılar, çeşitli öğelerden oluşan toplu bir kültürel kimlik olarak algılanmayı sağladığından, kültürel kimliğin simgesi olarak görülmektedir. Çalgılar bir kültürel kimliği yansıtmakta, temsil etmekte ve “gizli olmayan simge ve semboller” ile diğer kültürel kimliklerden ayrılmasını sağlamaktadır; böylece “toplumsal farklılaşma” işlevini yerine getirmektedir. Diğer taraftan toplumsal değerleri zaman ve mekan içerisinde taşıyarak ve aktararak kültürel kimliğin oluşturulmasını, aidiyetin meydana gelmesini ve sürdürülmesini sağlayan etkenlerden biri olarak işlev görmektedirler. Kültürel kimliği oluşturan öğeler zaman ve mekana bağlı olarak kendi içlerindeki hiyerarşilerini değiştirerek, farklı algılamalar oluşmasına neden olabilmektedir. Boşnakların tarih içerisinde çeşitli nedenlerle biriktirmiş oldukları kültürel kimlik öğeleri ve bunların kendi aralarındaki hiyerarşileri Türkiye’ye yerleşildiğinde farklılaşmış, buna bağlı olarak simgesel çalgılar da değişmiştir. Yerleşilen bölgede yaşayanların hemen hemen hepsi Boşnakların göç ettikleri yerde daha çok ön plana çıkarılan Osmanlılık, Müslümanlık, Türklük ve Doğululuk öğelerini taşımaktadır. “Ötekilerden” farklı olmayı ve bir kültürel kimliğe aidiyeti sağlayacak öğelerin artık Yugoslavlık, Slav dili, göçmenlik ve Batılılık olduğu söylenebilir. Bu öğeleri simgeleyen ise akordeon, akordeonun icra edebileceği oyunlar ve müzik repertuarıdır. Bu çalgı ile diğer kültürlerden ayrılabilmektedirler. Boşnak kültürel kimlik öğelerinin birçoğunu aynı anda görmeye izin veren diğer çalgı ise epik eserlere eşlik eden gusladır. Epik şiirlerin müzik eşliğinde söylenmesi, sözlü bir tarih aktarımı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’deki Boşnaklar arasında icrası gitgide azalsa da kültürel kimliklerinin bir simgesi olarak evlerinin duvarlarında veya salonun bir köşesinde yerini almaya devam etmektedir. Böylece aidiyetin oluşturulması mümkün olmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kültürel kimlik, Boşnak, akordeon, gusla.The instruments influencing the musical production are considered as the signs of the cultural identity since they provide a perception of a collective cultural identity composed of various identity elements. The musical instruments reflect, represent an identity and allow distinguishing the given cultural identity from "others" by the "overt signs and symbols". On the other hand, they function as the means of building and maintaining the cultural identity and the belonging by transmitting and conveying the social values through time and space. Based on this argument, the musical instruments used by the Bosniak people living in Istanbul and Thracian part of Turkey were investigated by a qualitative research methodology. Using oral history and observation techniques allows reaching a result of the formation of a Bosniak cultural identity, its relation with the music and the musical instruments. With  the change in the hierarchy of the elements composing the cultural identity in time and space results in forming different perceptions. The elements of the cultural identity accumulated through the history due to the several civilizations, various rulers as well as the migrations and their internal hierarchy have changed when the Bosniaks settled down in Turkey while the symbolic musical instruments were also changing. Almost all of the inhabitants of the settled lands own the Ottoman, Turkish, Muslim and Oriental elements which were at the upper part of the hierarchical order of the cultural identity elements in the previous lands of the Bosniak people as well. These elements were represented by the musical instruments, like the saz, the davul and the zurna. The elements providing a differentiation from "others" and the belonging to a cultural identity are Yugoslavian, Slav language, emigrant and Occidental features henceforth. The musical instruments, which symbolize these elements rising in the hierarchical order upwards, are changing as well; it is the accordion along with the repertoire which can be performed by the accordion. This instrument allows revealing the Bosniak cultural identity in the recently settled lands. Although it was introduced in the Bosniak music in the middle of the 19th century at the Austrian-Hungarian ruling period, they consider it as their own "traditional" musical instrument. "This traditional" instrument does not allow a wide repertoire in makam music because of its lacking capacity of performing the necessary melodic intervals. In addition to that, the performance style also alters the sense of makam. For example, the vocal quality was very important for the repertoire performed by the saz, whereas the loudness of the accordion overshadows the importance of the vocal quality. The saz, davul and the zurna enabling a wide range of makam performance are now considered as the musical instruments of the "others". So the change in the musical instrument directly affects the musical repertoire as well as the cultural identity. Disintegration, one of the results of the emigration, can be found by following the usage of the accordion. While the hierarchical order is changing, the elements do not disappear. So, the other musical instrument enabling to see almost all the elements of the Bosniak cultural identity is the gusla which accompanies to the epic songs. With the singing the epic poems in a musical form, a transmission of the oral history is succeeded. The ornamentation on the peg box of the gusla also serves as a means of identity formation. In the ex-Yugoslavian countries, the repertoire and the ornamentations do no more reflect the Muslim, Turkish and Ottoman identity, whereas in Turkey they do. So, the gusla symbolizes the integration which is another result of the emigration. Although its performance by the Bosniaks in Turkey is getting diminishing due to the changing musical tastes determined by the popular music market and the lack of transmitting the oral tradition, they keep putting it as an object reflecting the cultural identity on the wall of the houses at least; so that it is possible to keep the cultural identity alive. Both instruments reflect a different hierarchical order of elements; but the element, which is common and has a higher rank of importance in the hierarchy, is the emigrant element that functions in a different way in both instruments. The accordion, which represents the disintegration from the "others" as a result of the emigration, works as a differentiation means. The  gusla, which represents integration to the "others" as a result of the emigration, on the other hand, acts as a resembling and belonging factor. Keywords: Cultural identity, Bosniak, accordion, gusla

CREVICULAR FLUID LEVEL OF ELASTASE IN TYPE I AND TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS

ABSTRAC

Validation of a microarrays protocol for detection and genotyping isolates of Plum pox virus

A genomic strategy for PPV identification has been recently developed (Pasquini et al., 2008). The method is based on using a 70-mer oligonucleotide DNA microarray chip capable of simultaneously detecting and genotyping PPV strains. Universal and specific probes have been identified and used with a sensitive protocol of hybridization using an indirect fluorescent labelling of cDNA product with cyanine able to enhance the sensitivity of the virus detection avoiding the use of the PCR amplification step. In order to evaluate the protocol fitness for diagnostic use, about 30 samples belonging to a PPV isolates collection, including M, D, EA and C strains, have been used for its validation, that was determined, estimating the performance criteria that include the following parameters: diagnostic sensitivity (D-SN), diagnostic specificity (D-SP) and diagnostic accuracy (D-AC). Keywords: oligonucleotides chip, PPV, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, performance criteri

Redating the formation of Lake Bafa, western Turkey: Integrative geoarchaeological methods and new environmental and dating evidence

The ancient Gulf of Latmos is an iconic example of a dynamic landscape and humankind's historical relationship with it. Using extensive new primary data and original models for calibrating radiocarbon dates in transitional lagoon environments, we demonstrate that Lake Bafa (or Bafa Gölü, in Turkish) formed at a much earlier date than previously thought. In questioning the logical process by which previous dates were achieved, we re‐examine the relationship between sedimentological data, archaeology and written history. We reassert the need to establish independently dated environmental data sets as the foundation of regional studies as distinct from archaeological and historical interpretive processes. We conclude that Lake Bafa slowly transitioned to become an isolated lagoon sometime between the end of the second millennium B.C. and end of the first millennium B.C.; becoming a fully closed brackish lake during the second millennium A.D. This marks a major shift in our understanding of the nature of human occupation and activity here during the last four millennia but also in the way we date ancient lagoons and integrate historical and environmental data in general

Extranodal lymphoma of the head and neck: A pictorial essay

Primary extranodal lymphoma is defined as a lymphoma at a solitary extranodal site, with or without involvement of the lymph nodes. The clinical and radiological features of extranodal lymphoma have been documented in recent studies. In this pictorial essay, we reviewed imaging findings of extranodal lymphoma in the head and neck region. © Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem