886 research outputs found
Associations between subjective and objective visual function in patients with unilateral macular holes
AbstractForty-six patients with uniocular macular holes and unaffected, fellow eyes were studied to evaluate inter- and intraocular associations between various objective tests of visual function and perceived visual ability. The affected eye had significant associations between visual acuity (VA) and the fovea threshold test, but for the fellow eye only VA and low-contrast VA 10% were associated. The reduction in visual acuity under low-contrast conditions relative to high-contrast did not differ between the affected eye and the healthy eye. Subjective visual ability seems to depend more on the visual acuity of the affected eye than the healthy eye
Non-universality of elastic exponents in random bond-bending networks
We numerically investigate the rigidity percolation transition in
two-dimensional flexible, random rod networks with freely rotating cross-links.
Near the transition, networks are dominated by bending modes and the elastic
modulii vanish with an exponent f=3.0\pm0.2, in contrast with central force
percolation which shares the same geometric exponents. This indicates that
universality for geometric quantities does not imply universality for elastic
ones. The implications of this result for actin-fiber networks is discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, minor clarifications and amendments. To appear in
PRE Rap. Com
PI controller tuning for load disturbance rejection using constrained optimization
© 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. In this paper, a simple and effective PI controller tuning method is presented. To take both performance requirements and robustness issues into consideration, the design technique is based on optimization of load disturbance rejection with a constraint either on the gain margin or phase margin. In addition, a simplified form of the resulting tuning formulae is obtained for first order plus dead time models. To demonstrate the ability of the proposed tuning technique in dealing with a wide range of plants, simulation results for several examples, including integrating, non-minimum phase and long dead time models, are provided
Planning with Information-Processing Constraints and Model Uncertainty in Markov Decision Processes
Information-theoretic principles for learning and acting have been proposed
to solve particular classes of Markov Decision Problems. Mathematically, such
approaches are governed by a variational free energy principle and allow
solving MDP planning problems with information-processing constraints expressed
in terms of a Kullback-Leibler divergence with respect to a reference
distribution. Here we consider a generalization of such MDP planners by taking
model uncertainty into account. As model uncertainty can also be formalized as
an information-processing constraint, we can derive a unified solution from a
single generalized variational principle. We provide a generalized value
iteration scheme together with a convergence proof. As limit cases, this
generalized scheme includes standard value iteration with a known model,
Bayesian MDP planning, and robust planning. We demonstrate the benefits of this
approach in a grid world simulation.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure
Transition from damage to fragmentation in collision of solids
We investigate fracture and fragmentation of solids due to impact at low
energies using a two-dimensional dynamical model of granular solids. Simulating
collisions of two solid discs we show that, depending on the initial energy,
the outcome of a collision process can be classified into two states: a damaged
and a fragmented state with a sharp transition in between. We give numerical
evidence that the transition point between the two states behaves as a critical
point, and we discuss the possible mechanism of the transition.Comment: Revtex, 12 figures included. accepted by Phys. Rev.
Investment perspectives on costs for air pollution control affect the optimal use of emission control measures
Cost-effective air pollution emission control has been in focus for decades in international air pollution regulations. Despite large observed emission reductions for many air pollutants, environmental and human health problems persist and more efforts are needed. However, some stakeholders are concerned that the costs for remaining emission control measures are prohibitively high. There are several reasons for concern, and one can be the difference in investment perspectives—i.e. costs of borrowing and time constraints—held by stakeholders. By using the integrated assessment model GAINS, we study whether differences in investment perspectives of Nordic stakeholders influence measures selected for cost-effective emission control and can motivate concerns for high costs of emission control. We distinguish the control cost calculations between a social planner perspective and a corporate perspective and apply these to the GAINS model database on emission control measures. A cost-minimized selection of measures in 2030 is then calculated for increasing environmental and health ambitions for both perspectives. The results show an irregular pattern, but for a range of ambition levels the corporate perspective affects the selection of measures and implies surplus costs for the Nordic social planner of up to 120 million € per year. This is 36% more expensive than the costs of the social planners’ selection. Conversely, from a corporate perspective the social planners’ selection can imply cost increases of up to 180 million €. We therefore suggest that control of investment perspective effects should be standard in analysis of cost-effective air pollution measures
Adaptive Control Based on Retrospective Cost Optimization
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/83558/1/AIAA-46741-507.pd
EQ-5D-Y-5L: developing a revised EQ-5D-Y with increased response categories
Purpose
EQ-5D-Y is a generic measure of health status for children and adolescents aged 8–15 years. Originally, it has three levels of severity in each dimension (3L). This study aimed to develop a descriptive system of EQ-5D-Y with an increased number of severity levels and to test comprehensibility and feasibility.
Methods
The study was conducted in Germany, Spain, Sweden and the UK. In Phase 1, a review of existing instruments and focus group interviews were carried out to create a pool of possible labels for a modified severity classification. Participants aged 8–15 rated the severity of the identified labels in individual sorting and response scaling interviews. In Phase 2, preliminary 4L and 5L versions were constructed for further testing in cognitive interviews with healthy participants aged 8–15 years and children receiving treatment for a health condition.
Results
In Phase 1, a total of 233 labels was generated, ranging from 37 (UK) to 79 labels (Germany). Out of these, 7 to 16 possible labels for each dimension in the different languages were rated in 255 sorting and response scaling interviews. Labels covered an appropriate range of severity on the health continuum in all countries. In Phase 2, the 5L version was generally preferred (by 68–88% of the participants per country) over the 4L version.
Conclusions
This multinational study has provided a version of the EQ-5D-Y with 5 severity levels in each dimension. This extended version (EQ-5D-Y-5L) requires testing its psychometric properties and its performance compared to that of the original EQ-5D-Y-3L
Characterizing Interdisciplinarity of Researchers and Research Topics Using Web Search Engines
Researchers' networks have been subject to active modeling and analysis.
Earlier literature mostly focused on citation or co-authorship networks
reconstructed from annotated scientific publication databases, which have
several limitations. Recently, general-purpose web search engines have also
been utilized to collect information about social networks. Here we
reconstructed, using web search engines, a network representing the relatedness
of researchers to their peers as well as to various research topics.
Relatedness between researchers and research topics was characterized by
visibility boost-increase of a researcher's visibility by focusing on a
particular topic. It was observed that researchers who had high visibility
boosts by the same research topic tended to be close to each other in their
network. We calculated correlations between visibility boosts by research
topics and researchers' interdisciplinarity at individual level (diversity of
topics related to the researcher) and at social level (his/her centrality in
the researchers' network). We found that visibility boosts by certain research
topics were positively correlated with researchers' individual-level
interdisciplinarity despite their negative correlations with the general
popularity of researchers. It was also found that visibility boosts by
network-related topics had positive correlations with researchers' social-level
interdisciplinarity. Research topics' correlations with researchers'
individual- and social-level interdisciplinarities were found to be nearly
independent from each other. These findings suggest that the notion of
"interdisciplinarity" of a researcher should be understood as a
multi-dimensional concept that should be evaluated using multiple assessment
means.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures. Accepted for publication in PLoS On
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