Relationer i ett samiskt samhälle : en studie av skötesrensystemet i Gällivare socken under första hälften av 1900-talet

This dissertation is an analysis of the relations between reindeer herding Sami and settled non-Sami in Gällivare parish, Swedish Lapland, 1898-1940. The focus of the dissertation is on the system of skötesrenar, the practice of reindeer belonging to non-Sami being herded by Sami and the subsequent contacts between the two groups. The results presented demonstrate the transformation of the relations between the two groups from mutuai interdependence to mutuai self-sufficiency, and the swiftness with which this change took place. In order to analyse the transformation, reciprocity theory is used. Reciprocity theory concerns the Constitution of relations between different groups, and the basis for such relations. In the early 1900's, the practice of skötesrenar was a well-developed system contributing to the good relations between Sami and non-Sami, as well as to the improvement of the material conditions of those involved. The skötesrenar were important both socially and economically for the persons participating in the system. The huge societal changes that took place during the 20th Century resulted in painful consequences for the relations between the groups. Industrialisation multiplied the number and types of jobs available for the settled non-Sami, while the Sami to a large extent were prevented from partaking of the new opportunities. Industrialisation also caused the decline of the subsistence economy and made the market economy dominant in the locai community. The foundation of the system with skötesrenar had been the mutuai need to meet and exchange goods and services not available within each group; the growth of the market economy altered that. The laws concerning skötesrenar were also changed repeatedly - in 1898, 1917, and 1928 - without regard for the fears by the local community concerning the negative consequences for inter-group relations. Significant changes also took place within Sami society affecting the skötesrenar; the transformation of herding from the intensive to extensive type decreased the participation of women and children in herding, and subsequent erection of permanent residences for Sami families, as well as large annual fluctuations in herd sizes. The present dissertation demonstrates from reciprocity theory that a mutual concern - in this case the skötesrenar - can contribute to the maintenance of a low level of conflict between two ethnically and culturally different parties. Mutual interdependence is a significant factor in upholding a feeling of solidarity. The parties were eager to preserve good mutual relations as conflicts could severely hurt their material conditions. The societal changes taking place meant that by the 1930's the old institutionalised interdependency had ceased to exist. Older people continued the exchanges across group boundaries, but for the rising generation mutuai interaction was replaced by alienation.digitalisering@um

Vad är teknik? : om teknikämnet i förskolan

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vad som ses som huvudinnehåll för teknikämnet i förskolan. I studien undersöks pedagogers uppfattningar om teknikämnet och teknikundervisning, samt inspirationslitteratur om teknik som är inriktad mot förskolan. Uppsatsens metod utgår ifrån en kvalitativ textanalys av etablerade sätt att se på vad teknik är och innehåller samt en intervjustudie om förskolepedagogers uppfattningar om teknikämnet och teknikundervisning. Totalt har fyra olika inspirationsböcker inriktade mot förskolan analyserats och tre förskolepedagoger intervjuats.Studiens resultat visar att det hos vissa av de intervjuade pedagogerna råder en viss osäkerhet kring vad teknikämnet innehåller samt att olika typer av pedagogisk inspirationslitteratur används som stöd i val av undervisningsinnehåll. Analysen av inspirationslitteraturen visar att de fyra olika böckerna återspeglar en eller två etablerade synsätt på teknik utav de totalt sex tekniksynerna

Vad är teknik? : om teknikämnet i förskolan

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vad som ses som huvudinnehåll för teknikämnet i förskolan. I studien undersöks pedagogers uppfattningar om teknikämnet och teknikundervisning, samt inspirationslitteratur om teknik som är inriktad mot förskolan. Uppsatsens metod utgår ifrån en kvalitativ textanalys av etablerade sätt att se på vad teknik är och innehåller samt en intervjustudie om förskolepedagogers uppfattningar om teknikämnet och teknikundervisning. Totalt har fyra olika inspirationsböcker inriktade mot förskolan analyserats och tre förskolepedagoger intervjuats.Studiens resultat visar att det hos vissa av de intervjuade pedagogerna råder en viss osäkerhet kring vad teknikämnet innehåller samt att olika typer av pedagogisk inspirationslitteratur används som stöd i val av undervisningsinnehåll. Analysen av inspirationslitteraturen visar att de fyra olika böckerna återspeglar en eller två etablerade synsätt på teknik utav de totalt sex tekniksynerna

Print as a channel for relationship marketing : A study of the swedish printing industry

This paper analyses the importance for printing firms to provide print and related services to support their customers relationship marketing (RM) strategies. The results show that offering variable data printing (VDP) services is important, and many respondents believe that customers are less price sensitive when buying customised printed matters. By working close to end customers and helping them fulfil their need for print in RM it is possible to increase the relationship between printing firms and their customers. Due to the low competence regarding VDP services, within the printing industry, the results suggest that even if the demand of VDP services increases, it will be hard for printing firms to benefit from the added value that customers receive

Minimal important differences for fatigue patient reported outcome measures—a systematic review

Abstract Background Fatigue is the most frequent symptom reported by patients with chronic illnesses. As a subjective experience, fatigue is commonly assessed with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Currently, there are more than 40 generic and disease-specific PROMs for assessing fatigue in use today. The interpretation of changes in PROM scores may be enhanced by estimates of the so-called minimal important difference (MID). MIDs are not fixed attributes of PROMs but rather vary in relation to estimation method, clinical and demographic characteristics of the study group, etc. The purpose of this paper is to compile published MIDs for fatigue PROMs, spanning diagnostic/patient groups and estimation methods, and to provide information relevant for appraising their appropriateness for use in specific clinical trials and in monitoring fatigue in defined patient groups in routine clinical practice. Methods A systematic search of three databases (Scopus, CINAHL and Cochrane) for studies published between January 2000 to April 2015 using fatigue and variations of the term MID, e.g. MCID, MIC, etc. Two authors screened search hits and extracted data independently. Data regarding MIDs, anchors used and study designs were compiled in tables. Results Included studies (n = 41) reported 60 studies or substudies estimating MID for 28 fatigue scales, subscales or single item measures in a variety of diagnostic groups and study designs. All studies used anchor-based methods, 21/60 measures also included distribution-based methods and 17/60 used triangulation of methods. Both similarities and dissimilarities were seen within the MIDs. Conclusions Magnitudes of published MIDs for fatigue PROMs vary considerably. Information about the derivation of fatigue MIDs is needed to evaluate their applicability and suitability for use in clinical practice and research