Recycling of nutrients with application of organic waste in degraded pasture

The utilization of organic wastes represents an alternative to recover degraded pasture. The experiment aimed to assess the changes caused by the provision of different organic waste (poultry litter, turkey litter and pig manure) in a medium-textured Oxisol in Brazilian Savanna under degraded pasture. It was applied different doses of waste compared to the use of mineral fertilizers and organic mineral and evaluated the effect on soil parameters (pH, organic matter, phosphorus and potassium) and leaf of Brachiariadecumbens (crude protein, phosphorus and dry mass production). It was observed that application of organic waste did not increase the level of soil organic matter and pH in the surface layer, and the application of turkey litter caused acidification at depths of 0.20-0.40 m and 0.40-0.60 m. There was an increase in P and K in the soil with the application of poultry litter and swine manure. All organic wastes increased the productivity of dry matter and crude protein and phosphorus. The recycling of nutrients via the application of organic waste allows efficiency of most parameters similar to those observed with the use of mineral sources, contributing to improving the nutritional status of soil-plantsystem

ESTIMATES OF MONTHLY AND ANNUAL EVAPORATION RATES AND EVAPORATED VOLUMES PER UNIT TIME IN THE TUCURUÍ-PA AND LAJEADO-TO HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT RESERVOIRS BASED ON DIFFERENT METHODS

<div><p>ABSTRACT Evaporation rates in reservoirs influence the volume of water available for multiple uses. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the evaporation rates and the evaporated volumes per unit time in the Tucuruí-PA and Lajeado-TO reservoirs based on the methods in Linacre (1993), Kohler et al. (1955), Morton (1983), Bruin & Keijman (1979) and Penman (1948) method was adopted as the standard. The mean annual evaporation rates in the Tucuruí and Lajeado reservoirs, estimated by the Penman method, were similar, with values of 1,784 mm and 1,882 mm, respectively. None of the alternative analyzed methods could be used to estimate the mean annual evaporation in the Tucuruí and Lajeado reservoirs and could not replace the Penman method. However, the Linacre (1993) and Bruin & Keijman (1979) methods could be used to estimate monthly evaporation during the dry season in Tucuruí. The mean evaporated volume per unit time and the mean net evaporated volume per unit time in the Tucuruí reservoir correspond to 120% and 50%, respectively, of the total water demand in the Tocantins-Araguaia region, while the mean evaporated volume per unit time and the mean net evaporated volume per unit time in the Lajeado reservoir correspond to 120% and 50%, respectively, of the total water demand in the basin.</p></div

Diferentes fontes energéticas durante o período de transição de vacas primíparas e os seus efeitos sobre metabólitos sanguíneos e hormônios

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este estudo comparar os efeitos do fornecimento de dietas glicogênicas ou lipogênicas sobre metabolitos sanguíneos e hormônios em vacas primíparas (n=40) durante o período de transição. Os animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: controle, sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (Megalac-E, 100g pré-parto e 250g pós-parto), soja tostada (400g pré-parto e 800g pós-parto) e propilenoglicol (300ml pré e pós-parto). Os suplementos foram fornecidos individualmente. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue para determinação das concentrações plasmáticas de insulina, glicose, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE) e IGF-I. As concentrações de insulina e de glicose foram maiores nos animais do tratamento com sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados. A maior concentração de AGNE foi observada no grupo controle. A concentração plasmática de IGF-I foi mais elevada para os animais do tratamento que receberam suplementos lipogênicos. A adição de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados a dieta foi capaz de amenizar as mudanças hormonais e metabólicas características do período de transição

Digestibilidad aparente de dietas con probióticos o fitasa para potros Mangalarga Marchador

Additives have been used to improve quality diet and animal development. The objective was to assess the effects of probiotic or phytase supplementation on apparent digestibility of nutrients in 24 Mangalarga Marchador foals (16 males, 8 females), aged 241.6 ± 23.2 days (mean ± SD/SEM), and weighing 216.7 ± 27.8 kg. The study lasted 28 days, the first 23 for diet and handling adaptation, and the last five days for fecal collection. The basal diet consisted of Cynodon pasture and pelleted concentrate (1.2 kg/100 kg body weight), as well as water and mineral salt ad libitum. There were four treatments: basal diet (T1); basal diet + 5 g/day of 109 CFU/g of S. cerevisiae (T2); basal diet + 2 g/day of 108 CFU/g of bacteria B. bifidum, E. faecium, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum and 105 CFU/g of S. cerevisiae (T3); and basal diet + 1250 FTU/day of phytase (T4). The DM intake was estimated with an external marker (LIPE©) associated with cecal in situ digestibility of DM. All foals were randomized by replicate using a 4 x 2 factorial, and results were compared using Student"s t-test (p<0.05). Group T3 showed better digestibility of crude protein, total minerals, calcium and phosphorus; whereas T2 had better digestibility of hemicellulose and calcium. Group T4 had better digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and intermediary values of minerals digestibility. Probiotics can be used as a nutritional strategy to improve the digestibility of a foal"s diet, particularly when live bacteria and yeast culture are used. A phytase dose of 205 FTU/kg DM in the basal diet improved fiber digestibility, indicating its potential in equine nutrition.El uso de aditivos se ha desarrollado mucho actualmente, con el fin de mejorar el aprovechamiento de la dieta. El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar los efectos de la suplementación con probióticos o fitasa sobre la digestibilidad aparente (DA) de los nutrientes en 24 potros (16 machos y 8 hembras) Mangalarga Marchador con 241,6 ± 23,2 días de edad y 216,7 ± 27,8 kg de peso vivo (PV). El experimento tuvo duración de 28 días (23 para la adaptación y cinco para la recogida de muestras de heces) y la dieta basal se compuso de pasto de Cynodon y pienso comercial (1,2 kg /100 kg PV), además de agua y sal mineralizada ad libitum. Los tratamientos fueron: dieta basal (T1); dieta basal + 5 g/día de 109 UFC/g de levadura S. cerevisiae (T2); dieta basal + 2 g/día de 108 UFC/g de bacterias B. bifidum, E. faecium, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum y 105 UFC/g de levadura S. cerevisiae (T3); y dieta basal + 1250 FTU (unidades de fitasa)/dia (T4). La estimación del consumo se realizó utilizando el indicador externo LIPE® y la técnica de digestibilidad in situ. El diseño estadístico fue enteramente al azar, en esquema factorial 4 x 2, y las medias fueron comparadas por el test t de Student (p<0,05). El grupo T3 tuvo mejor DA de la proteína bruta, cenizas, calcio y fósforo. El grupo T2 tuvo mejor DA de la hemicelulosa y calcio. El grupo T4 tuvo mejor DA de la fibra neutrodetergente y fue intermedio en DA de los minerales. Los resultados indicaron que los probióticos pueden ser una estrategia para la mejora del aprovechamiento de la dieta de potros, sobre todo cuando están compuestos por bacterias y levaduras vivas. La fitasa mejoró el aprovechamiento de la fibra cuando se administró en dosis de 205 FTU/kg de la dieta total, demostrando su potencial para la utilización en la nutrición equina