Державне регулювання високотехнологічного бізнесу: економічно-правовий аспект

The article describes the main factors that determine the need for state regulation of high-tech entrepreneurship through innovation. The purpose of this research is the formation a generalized structural-functional model of the mechanism of state regulation of entrepreneurial activity in Ukraine. The study used a set of scientific methods of epistemology, theoretical synthesis, structural and functional analysis, forecasting, graphic modeling method. The study found that the mechanism of state regulation of business activity presented a set of functional subsystems organizational, legal, financial, stimulating and supporting, controlling influence. Legitimize this mechanism is carried out through the system of legal rules governing the issue of organization, management and business activities. The practical significance of the results is that the generated model can be used in the process of evaluating the effectiveness of government policy in the regulation of business.У статті розкрито основні фактори, що обумовлюють необхідність державного регулювання високотехнологічної підприємницької діяльності на основі інновацій. У дослідженні використано комплекс загальнонаукових методів гносеології: теоретичного узагальнення, структурно-функціонального аналізу, прогнозування, методу графічного моделювання. За результатами дослідження встановлено, що механізм державного регулювання підприємницької діяльності представлений сукупністю функціональних підсистем організаційно-правового, фінансового, стимулюючого та підтримуючого, контролюючого впливу. Легітимізація цього механізму здійснюється завдяки системі юридичних норм, які врегульовують питання організації, регулювання та здійснення підприємницької діяльності. Саме тому, автори дійшли висновку, що державі необхідно переглянути всі види економічної політики (структурної, організаційно-управлінської, бюджетно-податкової, фінансово-кредитної, тарифно-цінової, митної, експортно-імпортної), трансформуючи її в напрямку формування високотехнологічності. Методи, способи, форми, засоби державного регулювання підприємницької діяльності повинні носити яскраво виражений високотехнологічний характер. Вирішення цієї задачі бачиться у пошуку шляхів вдосконалення державного регулювання. З цього питання у статті сформульовано ряд принципових пропозицій. Очевидно, що досягнення бажаного результату стає неможливим без застосування регуляторних інструментів, які передбачають використання правових засобів регулювання (нормативні акти, постанови, директиви, правила тощо) соціальних і ринкових взаємодій між суб’єктами економічної діяльності в інноваційнотехнологічному процесі. Практичне значення одержаних результатів полягає в тому, що сформована модель може бути використана у процесі оцінки ефективності державної політики у сфері регулювання підприємництва

Determination of the Bending Rigidity of Graphene via Electrostatic Actuation of Buckled Membranes

The small mass and atomic-scale thickness of graphene membranes make them highly suitable for nanoelectromechanical devices such as e.g. mass sensors, high frequency resonators or memory elements. Although only atomically thick, many of the mechanical properties of graphene membranes can be described by classical continuum mechanics. An important parameter for predicting the performance and linearity of graphene nanoelectromechanical devices as well as for describing ripple formation and other properties such as electron scattering mechanisms, is the bending rigidity, {\kappa}. In spite of the importance of this parameter it has so far only been estimated indirectly for monolayer graphene from the phonon spectrum of graphite, estimated from AFM measurements or predicted from ab initio calculations or bond-order potential models. Here, we employ a new approach to the experimental determination of {\kappa} by exploiting the snap-through instability in pre-buckled graphene membranes. We demonstrate the reproducible fabrication of convex buckled graphene membranes by controlling the thermal stress during the fabrication procedure and show the abrupt switching from convex to concave geometry that occurs when electrostatic pressure is applied via an underlying gate electrode. The bending rigidity of bilayer graphene membranes under ambient conditions was determined to be $35.5^{+20}_{-15}$ eV. Monolayers have significantly lower {\kappa} than bilayers

Immunomodulating and Revascularizing Activity of Kalanchoe pinnata Synergize with Fungicide Activity of Biogenic Peptide Cecropin P1

© 2017 N. S. Zakharchenko et al. Previously transgenic Kalanchoe pinnata plants producing an antimicrobial peptide cecropin P1 (CecP1) have been reported. Now we report biological testing K. pinnata extracts containing CecP1 as a candidate drug for treatment of wounds infected with Candida albicans. The drug constitutes the whole juice from K. pinnata leaves (not ethanol extract) sterilized with nanofiltration. A microbicide activity of CecP1 against an animal fungal pathogen in vivo was demonstrated for the first time. However, a favorable therapeutic effect of the transgenic K. pinnata extract was attributed to a synergism between the fungicide activity of CecP1 and wound healing (antiscar), revascularizing, and immunomodulating effect of natural biologically active components of K. pinnata. A commercial fungicide preparation clotrimazole eliminated C. albicans cells within infected wounds in rats with efficiency comparable to CecP1-enriched K. pinnata extract. But in contrast to K. pinnata extract, clotrimazole did not exhibit neither wound healing activity nor remodeling of the scar matrix. Taken together, our results allow assumption that CecP1-enriched K. pinnata extracts should be considered as a candidate drug for treatment of dermatomycoses, wounds infected with fungi, and bedsores

Technical and economic efficiency of the unconventional propulsion units use for civilian aircraft of various purposes

In order to develop a methodological apparatus for assessing various stages of the life cycle of hybrid/electric propulsion units, the existing approaches to estimating the costs of developing, manufacturing and operating aircraft engines of the traditional propulsion units scheme for determining the cost framework and their further harmonization with the technical and economic boundary conditions of new elements in the hybrid/electric SU scheme are considered. The relevance of solving the problems of assessing the technical and economic efficiency and forecasting the cost of hybrid propulsion units is determined. To solve the tasks, a methodological approach to determining boundary conditions and criteria is proposed. Within the framework of this methodological approach, a preliminary assessment of the cost of the main stages of the life cycle of aircraft engines for various variants of traditional propulsion units was made. Based on the estimates obtained, criteria for the economic efficiency of using a hybrid propulsion unit of various capacities for civil aircraft were formed. A computational and parametric analysis of the cost estimation of variants of aircraft engines included in the propulsion unit of the traditional scheme is presented. The role of accounting and management accounting data in economic and mathematical models is determined, which makes it possible to qualitatively reflect the economic efficiency of the life cycle of aviation products

Bactericide, Immunomodulating, and Wound Healing Properties of Transgenic Kalanchoe pinnata Synergize with Antimicrobial Peptide Cecropin P1 In Vivo

Procedure of manufacturing K. pinnata water extracts containing cecropin P1 (CecP1) from the formerly described transgenic plants is established. It included incubation of leaves at +4°C for 7 days, mechanical homogenization of leaves using water as extraction solvent, and heating at +70°C for inactivating plant enzymes. Yield of CecP1 (after heating and sterilizing filtration) was 0.3% of total protein in the extract. The water extract of K. pinnata + CecP1 exhibits favorable effect on healing of wounds infected with S. aureus (equal to Cefazolin) and with a combination of S. aureus with P. aeruginosa (better than Cefazolin). Wild-type K. pinnata extract exhibited evident microbicide activity against S. aureus with P. aeruginosa but it was substantially strengthened in K. pinnata + CecP1 extract. K. pinnata extracts (both wild-type and transgenic) did not exhibit general toxicity and accelerated wound recovery. Due to immunomodulating activity, wild-type K. pinnata extract accelerated granulation of the wound bed and marginal epithelialization even better than K. pinnata + CecP1 extract. Immunomodulating and microbicide activity of K. pinnata synergizes with microbicide activity of CecP1 accelerating elimination of bacteria

Effect of Laser Optoperforation of the Zona Pellucida on Mouse Embryo Development in vitro

Laser operations on cells and embryos are an important field of current photobiology and biophotonics. The high power density of tightly focused laser irradiation provides an efficient impact on matter of cells or embryos. Precise focusing of the laser spot allows strictly controlled perforation of the membrane. The present work was devoted to studying the influence of optoperforation of mammalian embryonic zona pellucida with a tightly focused laser beam with 1.48-µm wavelength on further development of the embryo. Such a laser operation was proposed for application in in vitro fertilization (IVF) practice and intracytoplasmic sperm injection into the oocyte (ICSI). For cultured in vitro oocytes and embryos, the process of natural exiting from the zona pellucida ("hatching") is often impaired, which decreases probability of implantation and pregnancy The goals of the present work were to determine the influence of different manipulations on development of embryos in vitro until blastocyst formation and on the ISSN 0006-2979, Biochemistry (Moscow), 2015, Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 769-775. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2015. Original Russian Text © E. O. Zakharchenko, A. D. Zalessky, A. A. Osychenko, A. S. Krivokharchenko, A. K. Shakhbazyan, A. V. Ryabova, V. A. Nadtochenko, 2015, published in Biokhimiya, 2015 769 * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Abstract-The effect of laser optical perforation of the zona pellucida on the viability and development of mouse embryos has been studied. Operations of zona pellucida thinning and single or double perforation were carried out on 2-cell embryo, morula, and blastocyst stages with a laser pulse (wavelength 1.48 µm, pulse duration 2 ms). Embryo development up to the blastocyst stage and hatching efficiency were statistically analyzed. It was found that 2-cell or morula stage embryo zona pellucida thinning or single perforation did not affect development to the blastocyst stage and number of hatched embryos, but it accelerated embryo hatching compared to control groups one day earlier in vitro. Double optoperforation on 2-cell embryo or morula stage did not significantly affect development to the blastocyst stage, but it strongly decreased the number of hatched embryos. Also, zona pellucida perforation at the blastocyst stage had a negative effect: hatching did not occur after this manipulation. Blastocyst cell number calculation after single zona pellucida perforation at 2-cell and morula stages showed that cell number of hatching or hatched blastocysts did not differ from the same control groups. This fact points out that the laser single optoperforation method is a useful and safe experimental tool that allows further manipulations within the zona pellucida. Effect of Laser Optoperforation of the Zon

Melting of Partially Fluorinated Graphene: From Detachment of Fluorine Atoms to Large Defects and Random Coils

The melting of fluorographene is very unusual and depends strongly on the degree of fluorination. For temperatures below 1000 K, fully fluorinated graphene (FFG) is thermo-mechanically more stable than graphene but at T$_m\approx$2800 K FFG transits to random coils which is almost twice lower than the melting temperature of graphene, i.e. 5300 K. For fluorinated graphene (PFG) up to 30 % ripples causes detachment of individual F-atoms around 2000 K while for 40-60 % fluorination, large defects are formed beyond 1500 K and beyond 60% of fluorination F-atoms remain bonded to graphene until melting. The results agree with recent experiments on the dependence of the reversibility of the fluorination process on the percentage of fluorination.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure

Negative Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Graphene Measured by Raman Spectroscopy

The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of single-layer graphene is estimated with temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy in the temperature range between 200 and 400 K. It is found to be strongly dependent on temperature but remains negative in the whole temperature range, with a room temperature value of -8.0x10^{-6} K^{-1}. The strain caused by the TEC mismatch between graphene and the substrate plays a crucial role in determining the physical properties of graphene, and hence its effect must be accounted for in the interpretation of experimental data taken at cryogenic or elevated temperatures.Comment: 17 pagese, 3 figures, and supporting information (4 pages, 3 figures); Nano Letters, 201

Photosynthetic activity of Camelina sativa plants depending on technological measures of growing under conditions of Precarpathians of Ukraine

Camelina sativa is a promising oil crop, the yield potential of which is not yet fully disclosed. Interest in ryegrass has been restored in recent years due to oversaturation of crop rotations with cereals, sunflower, as well as increasing demand for vegetable oils of different quality. It also attracts attention due to its unpretentiousness, precocity, stable yield, high plasticity and suitability for different soil and climatic conditions