Ecovilas como novos sujeitos de direitos: possibilidades e entraves legais no uso e ocupa??o do solo rural no Brasil

As ecovilas s?o assentamentos humanos sustent?veis que enfrentam resist?ncias ao seu desenvolvimento no uso e ocupa??o do solo no Brasil. Este estudo objetivou identificar quais fatores determinam a compreens?o das ecovilas como novos sujeitos de direitos como solu??o para ocuparem legalmente a propriedade rural brasileira. Determinou-se os aspectos socioambientais das crises da civiliza??o contempor?nea que justificam a emerg?ncia dos assentamentos humanos sustent?veis e seus desafios, bem como investigou as ecovilas como novos sujeitos sociais e como se posicionam na sociedade, principalmente pelo prisma ?tico, para ent?o discutir a rela??o legal com Estado brasileiro no que tange ao uso da propriedade rural para apontar os entraves e possibilidades. A pesquisa bibliogr?fica e documental foi interdisciplinar e baseou-se em publica??es cient?ficas das ?reas de Sociologia e Direito e os estudos de casos foram desenvolvidos atrav?s de dados secund?rios envolvendo os registros de ecovilas localizadas no Brasil. A pesquisa revelou a tend?ncia progressiva de agravamento da crise ambiental e os desafios do ambientalismo em torno do conceito de ?desenvolvimento sustent?vel?, analisado como alienante e apol?tico. Diante da inexpressiva presen?a de propostas coletivas de novas sociabilidades para reagir ?s crises civilizat?rias, as ecovilas destacam-se na pr?tica, do local ao global, para um debate mais amplo e profundo sobre sustentabilidade socioambiental. Todavia, o movimento global de ecovilas, de modo geral, revelou-se limitado pela apatia pol?tica e desinteresse por mudan?as estruturais. Verificou-se que as ecovilas rurais brasileiras podem ser criminalizadas sob o aspecto do uso do solo rural. Entretanto, a an?lise sociol?gica revelou que a dicotomia legal, urbano rural, traz preju?zo antigo ? sociedade rural brasileira. Emerge dessa rela??o a no??o do pluralismo jur?dico, no sentido de que ? necess?rio reconhecer as transforma??es da sociedade como fontes de direito. Enfim, por meio de todo o estudo realizado, a pesquisa permitiu, fundamentalmente, analisar os aspectos sociais da emerg?ncia das ecovilas para que seja poss?vel aos agentes p?blicos recepcion?-las como novos sujeitos de direitos na constitucionalidade do Estado Democr?tico de Direito brasileiro.Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Humanas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2020.Ecovillages are understood as sustainable human settlements that face resistance to their development in land use and occupation. This study aimed to identify which factors determine the understanding of ecovillages as new subjects of rights as a solution to legally occupy Brazilian rural property. The social aspects of contemporary civilization that justify the emergence of sustainable human settlements and their challenges were determined, as well as investigating ecovillages as new social subjects and how they position themselves in society, especially from an ethical perspective, to then discuss the legal relationship with the State Brazilian regarding the use of rural property to point out the obstacles and possibilities. The bibliographic and documentary research was interdisciplinary and based on scientific publications in the areas of sociology and law and the case studies were developed through secondary data involving the ecovillage records located in Brazil. The research revealed the progressive tendency to worsen the environmental crisis and the challenges of environmentalism around the concept of ?sustainable development?, analyzed as alienating and apolitical. Faced with the inexpressive presence of collective proposals for new sociability to react, ecovillages stand out in practice, from local to global, for a broader and deeper debate on socio-environmental sustainability. However, the global ecovillage movement in general proved to be limited by political apathy and disinterest in structural changes. It was found that Brazilian rural ecovillages can be criminalized under the aspect of rural land use. However, a sociological analysis revealed that the Brazilian rural urban legal dichotomy also harms rural society. The notion of legal pluralism emerges from this relationship, in the sense that it is necessary to recognize the transformations of society as sources of law. Finally, through the entire study carried out, the research allowed fundamentally to analyze the social aspects of the emergence of ecovillages so that it is possible for public agents to welcome them, in the constitutionality of the Democratic State of Brazilian Law, as new subjects of rights.Las ecoaldeas son asentamientos humanos sostenibles que enfrentan resistencia a su desarrollo en el uso y ocupaci?n de la tierra en Brasil. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar qu? factores determinan la comprensi?n de las ecoaldeas como nuevos sujetos de derechos como una soluci?n para ocupar legalmente la propiedad rural brasile?a. Se determinaron los aspectos socioambientales de las crisis de la civilizaci?n contempor?nea que justifican el surgimiento de asentamientos humanos sostenibles y sus desaf?os, as? como la investigaci?n de las ecoaldeas como nuevos sujetos sociales y c?mo se posicionan en la sociedad, principalmente a trav?s de una perspectiva ?tica, para luego discutir la relaci?n legal con el Estado brasile?o sobre el uso de la propiedad rural para se?alar los obst?culos y las posibilidades. La investigaci?n bibliogr?fica y documental fue interdisciplinaria y se bas? en publicaciones cient?ficas en las ?reas de Sociolog?a y Derecho y los estudios de caso se desarrollaron a trav?s de datos secundarios que involucran los registros de ecoaldeas ubicados en Brasil. La investigaci?n revel? la tendencia progresiva a empeorar la crisis ambiental y los desaf?os del ambientalismo en torno al concepto de "desarrollo sostenible", analizado como alienante y apol?tico. Ante la inexpresiva presencia de propuestas colectivas para una nueva sociabilidad para reaccionar ante las crisis de la civilizaci?n, las ecoaldeas se destacan en la pr?ctica, desde lo local a lo global, por un debate m?s amplio y profundo sobre la sostenibilidad socioambiental. Sin embargo, el movimiento global de ecoaldeas, en general, result? estar limitado por la apat?a pol?tica y el desinter?s en los cambios estructurales. Se descubri? que las ecoaldeas rurales brasile?as pueden ser criminalizadas bajo el aspecto del uso de la tierra rural. Sin embargo, el an?lisis sociol?gico revel? que la dicotom?a legal, rural urbano, trae viejos prejuicios a la sociedad rural brasile?a. La noci?n de pluralismo jur?dico surge de esta relaci?n, en el sentido de que es necesario reconocer las transformaciones de la sociedad como fuentes del derecho. Finalmente, a lo largo de todo el estudio, la investigaci?n permiti? fundamentalmente el an?lisis de los aspectos sociales del surgimiento de las ecoaldeas para que los agentes p?blicos puedan recibirlos como nuevos sujetos de derechos en la constitucionalidad del Estado Dem?crata seg?n la ley brasile?a

Accurate distance control between a probe and a surface using a microcantilever

We demonstrate a method to accurately control the distance between a custom probe and a sample on a {\mu}m to nm scale. The method relies on the closed-loop feedback on the angular deflection of an in-contact AFM microcantilever. High performance in stability and accuracy is achieved in this method by taking advantage of the small mechanical feedback path between surface and probe. We describe how internal error sources that find their origin in the microcantilever and feedback can be minimized to achieve an accurate and precise control up to 3 nm. In particular, we investigated how hysteresis effects in the feedback caused by friction forces between tip and substrate, can be minimized. By applying a short calibration procedure, distance control from contact to several micrometers probe-sample distance can be obtained with an absolute nanometer-scale accuracy. The method presented is compatible with any probe that can be fixed on a microcantilever chip and can be easily built into existing AFM systems

Simulation study of linear mixed models with contaminated normal distribution in animal breeding

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho comparar estimativas de componentes de vari?ncias obtidas por meio de modelos lineares mistos Gaussianos e Robustos, via Amostrador de Gibbs, em dados simulados. Foram simulados 50 arquivos de dados com 1.000 animais cada um, distribu?dos em cinco gera??es, em dois n?veis de efeito fixo e tr?s valores fenot?picos distintos para uma caracter?stica hipot?tica, com diferentes n?veis de contamina??o. Exceto para os dados sem contamina??o, quando os modelos foram iguais, o modelo Robusto apresentou melhores estimativas da vari?ncia residual. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram semelhantes em todos os modelos, mas as an?lises de regress?o mostraram que os valores gen?ticos preditos com uso do modelo Robusto foram mais pr?ximos dos valores gen?ticos verdadeiros. Esses resultados sugerem que o modelo linear normal contaminado oferece uma alternativa flex?vel para estima??o robusta em melhoramento gen?tico animal.Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)The objective of this study was to compare Gaussian and Robust linear mixed models for the estimation of variance components by REML and Gibbs Sampling, using data from fifty simulated populations consisting of 1,000 animals distributed in 5 generations. Two levels of fixed effect and three hypothetical phenotypic values for a trait, with different levels of contamination were used in the simulations. Additive and residual variance estimates were similar for both REML and Bayesian inference using the Gaussian and Robust model. The best estimates of residual variance in the presence of contaminants were obtained by the Robust model. Estimates of heritability were similar for all models, but regression analyses indicated that predicted genetic values obtained by the robust model were more similar to real breeding values. These results suggest that the contaminated normal linear model is a flexible alternative for robust estimation in animal breeding

Direct measurements of the effects of salt and surfactant on interaction forces between colloidal particles at water-oil interfaces

The forces between colloidal particles at a decane-water interface, in the presence of low concentrations of a monovalent salt (NaCl) and of the surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in the aqueous subphase, have been studied using laser tweezers. In the absence of electrolyte and surfactant, particle interactions exhibit a long-range repulsion, yet the variation of the interaction for different particle pairs is found to be considerable. Averaging over several particle pairs was hence found to be necessary to obtain reliable assessment of the effects of salt and surfactant. It has previously been suggested that the repulsion is consistent with electrostatic interactions between a small number of dissociated charges in the oil phase, leading to a decay with distance to the power -4 and an absence of any effect of electrolyte concentration. However, the present work demonstrates that increasing the electrolyte concentration does yield, on average, a reduction of the magnitude of the interaction force with electrolyte concentration. This implies that charges on the water side also contribute significantly to the electrostatic interactions. An increase in the concentration of SDS leads to a similar decrease of the interaction force. Moreover the repulsion at fixed SDS concentrations decreases over longer times. Finally, measurements of three-body interactions provide insight into the anisotropic nature of the interactions. The unique time-dependent and anisotropic interactions between particles at the oil-water interface allow tailoring of the aggregation kinetics and structure of the suspension structure.Comment: Submitted to Langmui

Generalized linear mixed models for the genetic evaluation of binary reproductive traits: a simulation study

Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG)Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecu?ria de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of probit and logit link functions for the genetic evaluation of early pregnancy using simulated data. The following simulation/analysis structures were constructed: logit/logit, logit/probit, probit/logit, and probit/probit. The percentages of precocious females were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% and were adjusted based on a change in the mean of the latent variable. The parametric heritability (h?) was 0.40. Simulation and genetic evaluation were implemented in the R software. Heritability estimates (h^2) were compared with h? using the mean squared error. Pearson correlations between predicted and true breeding values and the percentage of coincidence between true and predicted ranking, considering the 10% of bulls with the highest breeding values (TOP10) were calculated. The mean h^? values were under- and overestimated for all percentages of precocious females when logit/probit and probit/logit models used. In addition, the mean squared errors of these models were high when compared with those obtained with the probit/probit and logit/logit models. Considering (h^2), probit/probit and logit/logit were also superior to logit/probit and probit/logit, providing values close to the parametric heritability. Logit/probit and probit/logit presented low Pearson correlations, whereas the correlations obtained with probit/probit and logit/logit ranged from moderate to high. With respect to the TOP10 bulls, logit/probit and probit/logit presented much lower percentages than probit/probit and logit/logit. The genetic parameter estimates and predictions of breeding values of the animals obtained with the logit/logit and probit/probit models were similar. In contrast, the results obtained with probit/logit and logit/probit were not satisfactory. There is need to compare the estimation and prediction ability of logit and probit link functions

Metastable lifetimes in a kinetic Ising model: Dependence on field and system size

The lifetimes of metastable states in kinetic Ising ferromagnets are studied by droplet theory and Monte Carlo simulation, in order to determine their dependences on applied field and system size. For a wide range of fields, the dominant field dependence is universal for local dynamics and has the form of an exponential in the inverse field, modified by universal and nonuniversal power-law prefactors. Quantitative droplet-theory predictions are numerically verified, and small deviations are shown to depend nonuniversally on the details of the dynamics. We identify four distinct field intervals in which the field dependence and statistical properties of the lifetimes are different. The field marking the crossover between the weak-field regime, in which the decay is dominated by a single droplet, and the intermediate-field regime, in which it is dominated by a finite droplet density, vanishes logarithmically with system size. As a consequence the slow decay characteristic of the former regime may be observable in systems that are macroscopic as far as their equilibrium properties are concerned.Comment: 18 pages single spaced. RevTex Version 3. FSU-SCRI-94-1

A Method to Study Relaxation of Metastable Phases: Macroscopic Mean-Field Dynamics

We propose two different macroscopic dynamics to describe the decay of metastable phases in many-particle systems with local interactions. These dynamics depend on the macroscopic order parameter $m$ through the restricted free energy $F(m)$ and are designed to give the correct equilibrium distribution for $m$. The connection between macroscopic dynamics and the underlying microscopic dynamic are considered in the context of a projection- operator formalism. Application to the square-lattice nearest-neighbor Ising ferromagnet gives good agreement with droplet theory and Monte Carlo simulations of the underlying microscopic dynamic. This includes quantitative agreement for the exponential dependence of the lifetime on the inverse of the applied field $H$, and the observation of distinct field regions in which the derivative of the lifetime with respect to $1/H$ depends differently on $H$. In addition, at very low temperatures we observe oscillatory behavior of this derivative with respect to $H$, due to the discreteness of the lattice and in agreement with rigorous results. Similarities and differences between this work and earlier works on finite Ising models in the fixed-magnetization ensemble are discussed.Comment: 44 pages RevTeX3, 11 uuencoded Postscript figs. in separate file

Austerity and Private Debt

This study provides empirical evidence that the costs of austerity crucially depend on the level of private indebtedness. In particular, fiscal consolidations lead to severe contractions when implemented in high private debt states. Contrary, fiscal consolidations have no significant effect on economic activity when private debt is low. These results are robust to alternative definitions of private debt overhang, the composition of fiscal consolidations and controlling for the state of the business cycle and government debt overhang. I show that deterioration in household balance sheets is important to understand private debt-dependent effects of austerity