The importance of the concepts of disaster, catastrophe, violence, trauma and barbarism in defining posttraumatic stress disorder in clinical practice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Several terms in the scientific literature about posttraumatic stress disorder are used with different meanings in studies conducted by different authors. Words such as <it>trauma, violence, catastrophe, disaster </it>and <it>barbarism </it>are often used vaguely or confusingly, and their meanings change in different articles. The lack of conceptual references for these expressions complicates the organization of literature. Furthermore, the absence of clear concepts may be an obstacle to clinical treatment because the use of these words by the patients does not necessarily point to a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>A critical review of scientific literature showed that stress can be divided in stages to facilitate specific terminological adjustments to the event itself, to the subject-event interaction and to psychological responses. Moreover, it demonstrated that the varying concept of trauma expands into fundamental psychotherapeutic definitions and that the meanings of violence associated with barbarism are an obstacle to resilience. Therefore, this study updates the etymological origins and applications of these words, connects them to the expansions of meanings that can be operated in the clinical care of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder, and analyzes them critically according to the criterion A of DSM-IV and ICD-10.</p> <p>Summary</p> <p>The terminology in the literature about posttraumatic stress disorder includes a plethora of terms whose meanings are not fully understood, and that, therefore, limit this terminology. The analysis of these terms suggested that the transformation of the concept of <it>trauma </it>led to a broader understanding of this phenomenon in its psychic dimensions, that a barbarian type of violence constitutes an obstacle to resilience, and that the criterion A of the DSM-IV and ICD-10 shows imprecision and conceptual fragilities.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To develop this debate article, a current specialized literature review was achieved by searching and retrieving the key terms from two major databases: PubMed and PsycINFO. The key terms included "disaster", "catastrophe", "barbarism", "terrorism", "trauma", "psychic trauma" and "violence", also in combination with the terms "PTSD", "concept" and "conceptual aspects". The data were captured specially from review articles. The included studies were those mostly identified by the authors as relevant by the presence of a <it>conceptual approach </it>in any part of the paper. Researches that relied solely on empirical indicators, like psychopathological, neurobiological or pharmacological aspects, were excluded. The focus here was in conceptual aspects, even when some few empirical studies were included.</p> <p>As it was noted a paucity of medical references related to conceptual aspects of these terms, a wider literature needed to be included, including chapters, books and articles proceeded from the Humanities areas. "Interdisciplinary research is needed in this area to include perspectives from a range of different disciplines" once that "to promote public health (...) new dimensions of such interactions and the implications thereof should be pursued in collaboration with researchers from broader areas" <abbrgrp><abbr bid="B1">1</abbr></abbrgrp>.</p

Sangue e Produtos Sanguineos Seguros

O material de aprendizagem da OMS, Sangue e Produtos Seguros pode seer utilizado em cursos e treinamentos internos convecionais, e também independentemente para atualização de conhecimento individual. Entretanto, o material foi concebido como parte integrante de um programa de aprendizagem à distaância, no qual estudantes recebem apoio de um instrutor e treino prático ao longo do estudo do mesmo

Operational guidance: information needed to support clinical trials of herbal products

19 p.A tradução do original publicado em 2005 pela OMS, traz recomendações com o objetivo de fornecer o embasamento adequado para a realização de ensaios clínicos com plantas medicinais e com fitoterápicos a fim de que que possam ser aprovados pelas agências regulatórias nacionais. Esse processo aumentaria as chances de determinar quais são as plantas medicinais e os fitoterápicos que apresentam efetividade e segurança para o uso na prátic

Perspectiva para gestão do trabalho no Sistema Único de Saúde

136 p.Este documento visa o fortalecimento da capacidade técnico política das instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde na área de desenvolvimento de recursos humanos. Aborda o processo de trabalho em saúde e suas dimensões gerenciais; descreve analiticamente o ordenamento institucional e jurídico da administração de pessoal no serviço público brasileiro; relata experiências inovadoras na gestão de recursos humanos desenvolvida em diversos países latino-americanos e aborda a questão dos sistemas de compensação do trabalho em organizações de saúde

Perfil das mães de neonatos com controle glicêmico nas primeiras horas de vida Perfil de las madres de neonatos con control glucémico en las primeras horas de vida Profile of mothers of newborns with blood glucose control in the first hours of life

Alguns fatores maternos associados ao quadro de hipoglicemia neonatal indicam a monitoração dos níveis glicêmicos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. O estudo objetivou descrever as características sócio-demográficas e obstétricas de mães de neonatos com controle de glicemia capilar nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, internadas em Alojamento Conjunto de um Hospital Amigo da Criança. Estudo descritivo-exploratório que analisou dados de 380 prontuários médicos de mães internadas entre julho e dezembro de 2006, na unidade de Alojamento Conjunto do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. Diabetes gestacional foi verificado em 18 (5,6%) mães; nenhuma tratou com hipoglicemiante oral; 53 (16,2%) tiveram hipertensão arterial na gestação, e 17 (32,1%) fizeram uso de anti-hipertensivo; 215 (56,6%) receberam soro glicosado, 5% no trabalho de parto e parto. Estudos correlacionais analisando variáveis maternas e ocorrência de hipoglicemia neonatal devem ser realizados, objetivando identificar os fatores preditores desta morbidade neonatal.<br>Algunos factores maternos asociados al cuadro de hipoglucemia neonatal indican la monitorización de los niveles de glucemia en las primeras 24 horas de vida. El estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las características sociodemográficas y obstétricas de madres de neonatos con control de glucemia capilar en las primeras 24 horas de vida, internadas en Alojamiento Conjunto de un Hospital Amigo de la Niñez. Estudio de tipo descriptivo exploratorio que analizó datos de 380 historias clínicas de madres internadas entre julio y diciembre de 2006 en la Unidad de Alojamiento Conjunto del Hospital Universitario de la Universidad de San Pablo. Se verificó diabetes gestacional en 18 madres (5,6%), ninguna recibió tratamiento con hipoglucemiantes orales, 53 de ellas (16,2%) tuvieron hipertensión arterial durante la gestación y 17 (32,1%) hicieron uso de antihipertensivos; 215 (56,6%) recibieron suero glucosado al 5% durante el trabajo de parto y el parto en sí. Deben ser efectuados estudios correlacionales, analizando variables maternas y ocurrencia de hipoglucemia neonatal, con el objetivo de identificar los factores predictores de esta patología neonatal.<br>Some maternal factors associated with neonatal hypoglycemia justify monitoring blood glucose levels in the first 24 hours of life. The objective of this study was to describe the socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of mothers to newborns undergoing capillary blood glucose control in the first 24 hours of life, hospitalized in a rooming-in maternity ward of a Baby Friendly Hospital. This is a descriptive exploratory study which involved the analysis of data from 380 medical records of mothers hospitalized from July to December, 2006 at the maternity ward of the University of São Paulo Teaching Hospital. It was found that 18 (5.6%) mothers developed gestational diabetes, none of them were treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, 53 (16.2%) had hypertension during pregnancy and 17 (32.1%) used anti-hypertensive medication, 215 (56.6%) received glucose 5% continuous infusion during labor and delivery. Correlation studies linking maternal variables and neonatal hypoglycemia are needed to identify the predicting factors of this neonatal morbidity