Whence philosophy of biology?

A consensus exists among contemporary philosophers of biology about the history of their field. According to the received view, mainstream philosophy of science in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s focused on physics and general epistemology, neglecting analyses of the ‘special sciences’, including biology. The subdiscipline of philosophy of biology emerged (and could only have emerged) after the decline of logical positivism in the 1960s and 70s. In this paper, I present bibliometric data from four major philosophy of science journals (Erkenntnis, Philosophy of Science, Synthese, and the British Journal for the Philosophy of Science), covering 1930-1959, which challenge this view

Evaluation of perampanel as monotherapy for focal seizures: Experience from open-label extension studies

Perampanel, a selective, non-competitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist, is approved for adjunctive treatment of focal seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures, and for primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures in patients with epilepsy aged ≥ 12 years. Perampanel was recently approved for monotherapy use for focal seizures in the U.S.A. Anti-seizure drug monotherapy may be preferable to polytherapy, which is generally associated with increased toxicity, non-compliance, and cost. Here, we report cases where patients had converted to perampanel monotherapy during open-label extension (OLEx) portions of 9 Phase II and III studies. Of 2245 patients who enrolled in the OLEx studies, we identified 7 patients with drug-resistant focal seizures who discontinued all non-perampanel anti-seizure drugs and were maintained on perampanel monotherapy for ≥ 91 days until the end of data cut-off. Patients received perampanel monotherapy for up to 1099 days (157 weeks), most at a modal dose of 12 mg. Seizure data were available for 6 patients, of whom 5 had a ≥ 90% reduction in overall seizure frequency between baseline and their last 13-week period of monotherapy (3 were seizure-free). Perampanel monotherapy was generally well tolerated and the safety profile during perampanel monotherapy was consistent with clinical and post-marketing experience in the adjunctive setting. This analysis included a small proportion of patients with highly drug-resistant focal seizures who converted to monotherapy during OLEx studies. While these limited data are encouraging in suggesting that perampanel might be useful as a monotherapy, further studies are required to explore outcomes in a less drug-resistant population, where a larger proportion of patients might benefit from monotherapy. © 2017 The Author

An Exploration of ‘Fitspiration’ content on YouTube and its impacts on consumers

The ‘Fitspiration’ movement may endorse problematic body image and behaviour. This study aims to expand the understanding of ‘fitspiration’ by examining its presence on YouTube. Analysis was conducted in accordance with Tiggeman & Zaccardo (2015) and Santarossa et al. (2016). Thematic analysis of videos revealed three themes; ‘Fitness and beauty’, ‘Trust me-I’m a YouTuber’, and ‘Health for the right reasons’. Thematic analysis of comments revealed themes ‘YouTube fitness community’, ‘Body appearance dissatisfaction,’ and ‘YouTuber fitness role models’. Fitness YouTubers were found to promote unhealthy behaviours to achieve fitness, and commenters expressed belief in and replication of their advice

Using Commas with Dates and Locations

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/word2021/1012/thumbnail.jp

Comprise, Compose, Consist Of

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/word2020/1015/thumbnail.jp

Word for Word PDF Book

This volume is a collection of columns from Word for Word, a blog providing advice on correct, precise word usage and other tips for biomedical writers. The blog is written and edited by members of Scientific Publications at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Each column represents the consensus of Scientific Publications’ editors and their hundreds of collective years of editorial experience. Columns from 2011 through 2017 are included in this updated edition and are arranged alphabetically by title. This is not intended to be a comprehensive grammar or style guidehttps://openworks.mdanderson.org/pdfbook/1000/thumbnail.jp

Don’t Let “That” and “Which” Bowl You Over!

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/word2022/1014/thumbnail.jp

Texas Surface Water Quality Standards

It is the policy of this state and the purpose of this chapter to maintain the quality of water in the state consistent with public health and enjoyment, propagation and protection of terrestrial and aquatic life, operation of existing industries, and economic development of the state; to encourage and promote development and use of regional and area-wide wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal systems to serve the wastewater disposal needs of the citizens of the state; and to require the use of all reasonable methods to implement this policy.Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineerin