Analysis of observed chaotic data

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Izmir, 2004Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 86)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxii, 89 leavesIn this thesis, analysis of observed chaotic data has been investigated. The purpose of analyzing time series is to make a classification between the signals observed from dynamical systems. The classifiers are the invariants related to the dynamics. The correlation dimension has been used as classifier which has been obtained after phase space reconstruction. Therefore, necessary methods to find the phase space parameters which are time delay and the embedding dimension have been offered. Since observed time series practically are contaminated by noise, the invariants of dynamical system can not be reached without noise reduction. The noise reduction has been performed by the new proposed singular value decomposition based rank estimation method.Another classification has been realized by analyzing time-frequency characteristics of the signals. The time-frequency distribution has been investigated by wavelet transform since it supplies flexible time-frequency window. Classification in wavelet domain has been performed by wavelet entropy which is expressed by the sum of relative wavelet energies specified in certain frequency bands. Another wavelet based classification has been done by using the wavelet ridges where the energy is relatively maximum in time-frequency domain. These new proposed analysis methods have been applied to electrical signals taken from healthy human brains and the results have been compared with other studies

Residual Fragments after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

1. Osman MM, Alfano Y, Kamp S, Haecker A, Alken P, Michel MS, et al. 5-year follow-up of patients with clinically insignificant residual fragments after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. EurUrol 2005;47:860-4. [CrossRef] 2. Pearle MS, Watamull LM, Mullican MA. Sensitivity of noncontrast helical computerized tomography and plain film radiography compared to flexible nephroscopy for detecting residual fragments after percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. J Urol 1999;162:23-6. [CrossRef] 3. Skolarikos A, Papatsoris AG. Diagnosis and management of postpercutaneous nephrolithotomy residual stone fragments. JEndourol 2009;23:1751-5. [CrossRef] 4. Daggett LM, Harbaugh BL, Collum LA. Post-ESWL, clinically insignificant residual stones: Reality or myth? Urology 2002;59:20-4. [CrossRef] 5. Osman Y, El-Tabey N, Refai H, Elnahas A, Shoma A, Eraky I, et al. Detection of residual stones after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Role of noneennhanced spiral computerized tomography. J Urol 2008;179:198-200. [CrossRef] 6. Rassweiler JJ, Renner C, Chaussy C, Thuroff S. Treatment of renal stones by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy: an update. EurUrol 2001; 39:187- 99. [CrossRef] 7. Carr LK, D’A Honey J, Jewett MA, Ibanez D, Ryan M, Bombardier C. New stone formation: A comparison of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol 1996;155:1565-7. [CrossRef] 8. Candau C, Saussine C, Lang H, Roy C, Faure F, Jacqmin D. Natural history of residual renal stone fragments after ESWL. EurUrol 2000;37:18-22. [CrossRef] 9. Ganpule A, Desai M. Fate of residual stones after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A critical analysis. J Endourol2009; 23:399-403. [CrossRef] 10. Raman JD, Bagrodia A, Gupta A, Bensalah K, Cadeddu JA, Lotan Y, et al. Natural history of residual fragments following percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. J Urol 2009;181:1163-8. [CrossRef] 11. Altunrende F, Tefekli A, Stein RJ, Autorino R, Yuruk E, Laydner H, et al. Clinically insignificant residual fragments after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: medium-term follow-up. J Endourol 2011;25:941-5. [CrossRef] 12. Olcott EW, Sommer FG, Napel S. Accuracy of detection and measurement of renal calculi: in vitro comparison of three-dimensional spiral CT, radiography and nephrotomography. Radiology. 1997;204:19-25. 13. Ray AA, Ghiculete PKT, Honey RJ. Limitations to ultrasound in the detection and measurement of urinary tract calculi. Urology 2010;76:295-300. [CrossRef] 14. Dundee P, Bouchier-Hayes D, Haxhimolla H, Dowling R, Costello A. Renal tract calculi: comparison of stone size on plain radiography and noncontrast spiral CT scan. J Endourol 2006;20:1005-9. [CrossRef] 15. Van Appledorn S, Ball AJ, Patel VR, Kim S, Leveillee RJ. Limitations of noncontrast CT for measuring ureteral stones. J Endourol 2003;17:851-4. [CrossRef] 16. Sacks E, Fajardo L, Hillman B, Drach G, Gaines J, Claypool H, et al: Prospective comparison of plain abdominal radiography with conventional and digital renal tomography in assessing renal extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients. J Urol 1990;144:1341-6. 17. Jewett M, Bombardier C, Caron D, Ryan M, Gray R, St. Louis E, et al. Potential for inter-observer and intra-observer variability in x-ray review to establish stone-free rates after lithotripsy. J Urol 1992;147:559-62. 18. Palmer J, Donaher E, O’Riordan M and Dell K. Diagnosis of pediatric urolithiasis: role of ultrasound and computerized tomography. J Urol 2005;174:1413-6. [CrossRef] 19. Park J, Hong B, Park T, Park HK. Effectiveness of non- contrast computed tomography in evaluation of residual stones after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Endourol 2007;21:684-7. [CrossRef] 20. Jackman SV, Potter SR, Regan F, Jarrett TW. Plain abdominal xray versus computerized tomography screening: sensitivity for stone localization after nonenhanced spiral computerized tomography. J Urol 2000;164:308-10. [CrossRef] 21. Eisner BH, McQuaid JW, Hyams E, Matlaga BR. Nephrolithiasis: what surgeons need to know. AJR 2011;196:1274-8. [CrossRef] 22. Portis AJ, Laliberte MA, Holtz C, Ma W, Rosenberg MS, Bretzke CA. Confident intra- operative decision making during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: Does this patient need a second look? Urology 2008;71:218-22 [CrossRef] 23. Hemal AK, Goel A, Aron M, Seth A, Dogra PN, Gupta NP. Evaluation of fragmentation with single or multiple pulse setting of Lithoclast for renal calculi during percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and its impact on clearance. Urol Int 2003;70:265-8. [CrossRef] 24. Preminger GM, Assimos DG, Lingeman JE. AUA guideline on management of staghorn calculi: diagnosis and treatment recommendations. J Urol 2005;173:1991-2000. [CrossRef] 25. Hegarty NJ, Desai MM. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy requiring multiple tracts: comparison of morbidity with single-tract procedures. J Endourol 2006;20:753-60. [CrossRef] 26. Aron M, Yadav R, Goel R, Kolla SB, Gautam G, Hemal AK, et al. Multi tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large complete staghorn calculi. UrolInt 2005;75:327-32. [CrossRef] 27. Akman T, Sari E, Binbay M, Yuruk E, Tepeler A, Kaba M, et al. Comparison of Outcomes After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy of Staghorn Calculi in Those with Single and Multiple Accesses J Endourol. June 2010;24:955-60. 28. Kang DE, Maloney MM, Haleblian GE, et al. Effect of medical management on recurrent stone formation following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. J Urol 2007;177:1785-9. [CrossRef] 29. Lojanapiwat B; Tanthanuch M; Pripathanont C; Ratchanon S; Srinualnad S; Taweemonkongsap T; Kanyok S; Lammongkolkul. Alkaline citrate reduces stone recurrence and regrowth after shockwave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Int. braz j urol. vol.37 no.5 Rio de Janeiro Sept.Oct. 2011 30. Streem SB, Yost A, Dolmatch B. Combination ‘‘sandwich’’ therapy for extensive renal calculi in 100 consecutive patients: Immediate, long-term and stratified results from a 10-year experience. J Urol 1997;158:342-5. [CrossRef] 31. Merhej S, Jabbour M, Samaha E, Chalouhi E, Moukarzel M, Khour R, et al. Treatment of staghorn calculi by percutaneous nephrolithotomy and SWL: The Hotel Dieu de France experience. J Endourol 1998;12:5-8. [CrossRef] 32. Denstedt JD, Clayman RV, Picus DD. Comparison of endoscopic and radiological residual fragment rate following percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. J Urol 1991;145:703-5. 33. Pearle MS, Watamull LM, Mullican MA. Sensitivity of non- contrast helical computerized tomography and plain film radiography compared to flexible nephroscopy for detecting residual fragments after percutaneous nephrostolithotomy. J Urol 1999;162:23-6. [CrossRef] 234 Balkan Med J 2012; 29: 230-5 Özdedeli and Çek Residual Fragments after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy 34. Breda A, Ogunyemi O, Leppert JT, Lam JS, Schulam PG. Flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for single intrarenal stones 2 cm or greater - is this the new frontier? J Urol 2008;179:981-4. [CrossRef] 35. Traxer O, Dubosq F, Jamali K, Gattegno B, Thibault P. New- generation flexible ureterorenoscopes are more durable than previous ones. Urology 2006;68:276-80. [CrossRef] 36. Akman T, Binbay M, Ozgor F et al. Comparison of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde flexible nephrolithotripsy for the management of 2-4 cm stones: a matched-pair analysis. BJU Int 2011. 37. Valdivia Uría JG, Valle Gerhold J, López López JA, Villarroya Rodriguez S, Ambroj Navarro C, Ramirez Fabián M, et al. Technique and complications of percutaneous nephroscopy: experience with 557 patients in the supine position. J Urol 1998;160:1975-8. [CrossRef] 38. Ibarluzea G, Scoffone CM, Cracco CM, Poggio M, Porpiglia F, Terrone C, et al. Supine Valdivia and modified lithotomy position for simultaneous anterograde and retrograde endourological access. BJU Int 2007;100:233-6. [CrossRef] 39. Scoffone CM, Cracco CM, Cossu M, Grande S, Poggio M, Scarpa RM. Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery in Galdakao-modified supine Valdivia position: a new standard for percutaneous nephrolithotomy? EurUrol 2008;54:1393-403. [CrossRef] 40. Hoznek A, Rode J, Ouzaid I, Faraj B, Kimuli M, de la Taille A, et al. Modified Supine Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for Large Kidney and Ureteral Stones: Technique and Results. EurUrol 2012;61:164-70. [CrossRef] 41. Woodside JR, Stevens GF, Stark GL, Borden TA, Ball WS. Percutaneous stone removal in children.J Urol 1985;134:1166-7. 42. Jackman SV, Hedican SP, Peters CA, Docimo SG. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in infants and preschool age children: experience with a new technique. Urology 1998;52:697-701. [Cross- Ref] 43. Desai MR, Kukreja RA, Patel SH, Bapat SD. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complex pediatric renal calculus disease. J Endourol 2004;18:23-7. [CrossRef] 44. Dawaba MS, Shokeir AA, Hafez AT, Shoma AM, El-Sherbiny MT, Mokhtar A, et al. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in children: early and late anatomical and functional results. J Urol 2004;172:1078-81. [CrossRef] 45. Afshar K, McLorie G, Papanikolaou F, Malek R, Harvey E, Pippi- Salle JL, et al. Outcome of small residual stone fragments following shock wave lithotripsy in children. J Urol 2004;172:1600-3. [CrossRef

Alternative biofuel materials for microbial fuel cells from poplar wood

In this study, biofuel properties of poplar wood materials rich in organic materials were investigated for microbial fuel cells. Therefore, in this study, investigates the chemical, biochemical properties with electrochemical performance of single chamber microbial fuel cell manufactured using poplar biomass materials, natural soil, graphite anode electrode and graphite cathode electrode. With the increase in the weight of the poplar tree in the microbial fuel cells, the power density increased. SEM, EDS, FTIR analyses showed that bacillus and coccus type bacteria in the natural structure of the soil act as the catalyst in the anode electrode. Poplar wood, electrodes and bacteria have served in harmony. According to experimental results, the maximum power reaches to 16.88 mW and microbial fuel cell successfully displays a maximum power density of 8555 mW/m2. All these results indicate that poplar wood may be appropriate biofuel sources for electrical energy generation as an effective environmentally microbial fuel cell technology

Kompost mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri için titanyum elektrot performansının incelenmesi

Mikrobiyal yakıt hücresi, hem atıksu arıtımı hem de elektrik üretiminin aynı anda gerçekleştiği güzel bir enerji üretim teknolojisidir. Yeşil enerjiye olan talep artıyor ve mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri gibi biyoelektrokimyasal cihazlar bu amaç için kullanılabilir. Kompost mikrobiyal yakıt hücresi, kompost malzemelerden elektrik enerjisi üretmenin umut verici bir yoludur. Bir kompost mikrobiyal yakıt hücresinde, organik kompost malzemeleri, mikrobiyal yakıt hücresindeki bakterilerle ayrışır ve organik materyallerdeki mikrobiyal etki ile biyoenerji üretmek için kullanılır. Kompost malzemelerinden salınan organik madde, organik maddelerin yakınında toprakta bulunan bakteriler tarafından elektronlara ve protonlara dönüştürülür. Elektronlar, anot elektrottan ve dış devreden katot elektrotuna gider. Protonlar, elektrolit aracılığıyla katot elektrotuna gider. Elektronlar, protonlar ve havadan gelen oksijen katod elektrodunda birleşir. Böylece, mikrobiyal yakıt hücresi elektrik enerjisi ve su üretir. Bu çalışmada, farklı miktarlarda organik kompost malzemelerle beslenen, elektrotlar olarak titanyum plakaları olan, tek odacıklı, membransız mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri 10 gün boyunca çalıştırıldı. Ağırlıkça % 1, % 10 ve% 20 kompost malzemeleri içeren mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri, sırasıyla, MYH-I, MYH-II ve MYH-III olarak adlandırılmıştır. Elde edilen maksimum enerji, 4.025 mW/m2 değerinde bir maksimum güç yoğunluğu ile ifade edildi ve bu değer MYH-III'e aittir. Kompost mikrobiyal yakıt hücrelerinin açık devre gerilimleri (Voc) 10 günlük çalışma sırasında zamanla değişir. MYH I, MYH-II ve MYH-III'ün en yüksek açık devre gerilimleri sırasıyla 375 mV, 380 mV ve 383 mV olarak ölçülmüştür. Bu çalışmada mikroskop görüntüleri ile görüntülenen coccus türü bakteriler, MYH-I, MYH-II ve MYH-III için biyokatalizör görevi gördü. Bu çalışma, titanyum elektrotların kompost mikrobik yakıt hücreleri için elektrik üretme kabiliyetine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. İlaveten, titanyum elektrotlarının karbon bezi, grafit, grafen oksit gibi elektrotlara alternatif bir elektrot olduğu bulunmuştur.Microbial fuel cell is a nice energy production technology where both wastewater treatment and electricity generation take place concurrently. There is increasing demand for green energy, and bioelectrochemical devices, such as microbial fuel cells, can be used for this goal. The compost microbial fuel cell is one promising way to produce electrical energy from compost materials. In a compost microbial fuel cell, organic compost materials are decomposed with the bacteria at the microbial fuel cell and used to generate bioenergy by the microbial action on organic materials. The organic matter released through from compost materials is converted into electrons and protons by the bacteria present in soil near the organic materials. The electrons are go to to cathode electrode through from anode electrode and the external circuit. Protons are go to the cathode electrode through the electrolyte. The electrons, protons, and oxygen from air combine in the cathode electrode. Thus, the microbial fuel cell produces electrical energy and water. In this study, the single chambered, non-membrane microbial fuel cells with titanium plates as electrodes, fed with the different quantities organic materials of compost, were run for 10 days. Microbial fuel cells containing 1%, 10% and 20% by weight of compost materials were named as MYH-I, MYH-II and MYH-III, respectively. The maximum energy obtained was expressed by a maximum power density of 4.025 mW/m2 value and this value belongs to MYH-III. The open circuit voltages (Voc) of compost microbial fuel cells varies over time in 10 days of operation. The highest open circuit voltages of MYH I, MYH-II and MYH-III were measured as 375 mV, 380 mV and 383 mV, respectively. In this study, coccus type bacteria, which were imaged with microscope images, acted as biocatalysts for MYH I, MYH-II and MYH-III. This study demonstrated that titanium electrodes has the ability to produce electricity for compost microbial fuel cells. In addition, titanium electrodes have been found to be an alternative electrode to electrodes such as carbon cloth, graphite, graphene oxide

Mikrobiyal yakıt hücrelerinde kullanılan saf kültür mikroorganizmaları ve genel özellikleri

Biyokütle enerjisi, günümüzün artan enerji taleplerini karşılamakta kaçınılmaz bir görev yürüten yenilenebilir bir enerjidir. Biyoyakıtların aksine, mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri organik malzemelerde toplanan enerjiyi doğrudan biyoelektrikliğe dönüştürür. Mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri, kalkınma odaklı ve çok yönlü bir yenilenebilir enerji teknolojisidir. Mikrobiyal yakıt hücresi (MYH), çeşitli organik malzemelerden (substratlardan) elektrik enerjisi üretimi için kullanılan çevre dostu bir teknolojidir. Mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri, doğrudan elektrik enerjisi üretimi için alternatif bir enerji dönüşüm sistemi olarak büyük ilgi gördü. Mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri (MYH’ler), atık ortamda yakıt kaynağı olarak düşük dereceli organik karbonları kullanabilir. Mikrobiyal yakıt hücrelerinin, yakıt kaynağı olarak düşük dereceli biyokütle veya hatta atık su kullanabilmesinden dolayı belirgin faydaları vardır. Mikrobiyal yakıt hücrelerinde elektrik üretiminin temeli, organik malzemelerin mikroorganizmalar tarafından katalize edilmesidir. Çünkü mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri, organik maddeleri (substrat) oksitlemek için biyokatalizörler olarak mikroorganizmaları kullanır. Bir mikrobiyal yakıt hücresinde, organik maddeler (substratlar) elektron vericileridir. Organik malzemelerin oksidasyon (biyokataliz) çalışmalarından sonra anodik biyofilm bakterileri tarafından açığa çıkarılan elektronlar ilk önce anoksik koşullar altında anot elektrota aktarılır. Bu işlemleri yapan bakterilere elektrojen denir. Anot elektrot, elektrojenik biyofilm bakterileri tarafından anaerobik solunum için elektron alıcısı olarak kullanılır. Yani, anot ve mikroorganizma arasında bir elektron transfer işlemi gerçekleşir. Mikroorganizma ve elektrotlar arasındaki elektron transferi, doğrudan elektron transferi ve dolaylı (aracılı) elektron transferi olmak üzere iki mekanizmada gerçekleşir. Bu çalışmada, elektrojenik mikroorganizmalardan anot elektroduna elektron transfer mekanizması ayrıntılı olarak tartışılmıştır. Saf mikroorganizma kültürlerinin mikrobiyal yakıt hücrelerinde kullanımı anlatılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonucuna göre, yüksek elektrokimyasal aktivitelere sahip elektrojenik mikroorganizmaların keşfi, muhtemelen gelecekteki pratik sistem çalışmaları için mikrobiyal yakıt hücrelerinin gelişimini teşvik etmek için olağanüstü bir durum olacaktır

Case Report: An Epididymal Abscess Which Imitates Epididiymal Tumor Radiologically and Clinically

DergiPark: 379047tmsjAims: Testicular and extratesticular masses can be found in scrotum. Although most of those masses are intratesticular, some develop from paratesticular tissues. In this case report, we analyzed the results of a patient admitted to the hospital complaining of a scroted mass causing pain. Case Report: Epididymectomy was performed to a 5-year-old man patient with an expanding scrotal mass which was causing pain. After running some tests, performing initial investigations like scrotal ultrasound scan and MR, there were still doubts about the risk of malignancy. To be sure about the mass whether it is a tumor or an infection, epididymectomy was decided to be performed. The day after the operation, the patient was discharged with no complications. His complaints eased after the operation. Conclusion: The scrotum is the sac that contains the testicles. A scrotal mass can be originated from testicles or paratesticular tissues. Although 3% of all solid extratesticular masses are malignant, previous studies have shown that the malignancy rate can raise up to 16%. That’s why scrotal masses which are not certainly benign must not be ignored and epididymectomy should be performed

Effect of Probiotics on Reproductive Performance of Fish

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Nowadays, Probiotics are used for eco-friendly and sustainable production in many production areas. They have also been common organisms that used in aquaculture as growth promoter, stress tolerance, pathogen inhibition, and nutrient digestibility, to increase water quality. Probiotics use in aquaculture comprehensively reviewed as an alternative to antibiotic treatment. However, very few studies have addressed the effects of probiotics on reproductive performance and gamete quality of fish. Thus, this review summarizes most current studies on the effects of probiotics on reproductive performance and gamete quality in fish and evaluates further applications of probiotics in reproduction of fish

Isolation, culture and bacterial contamination of oogonial stem cells of Brown trout, Salmo <i>trutta macrostigma</i> (Dumeril, 1858)

530-538Increased commercial value of brown trout, Salmo trutta macrostigma has lead to its declined natural stock due to over exploitation, and thereby made it an endangered species. Cryopreservation of spermatogonial and oogonial stem cells may help in protecting this species. In this context, we have earlier isolated and cultured spermatogonial stem cells from male S.t. macrostigma. In this study, we report isolation and culture of oogonial stem cells from brown trout (S. t. macrostigma).In addition, bacterial contamination in oogonial cell culture media were identified and described. Wild females wereobtained from Kılıç Trout Fish Farm (Kahramanmaraş, Turkey). In order to identify the appropriate size, age and ovarystructure for oogonial stem cell isolation and culture, the ovary structure was morphologically and histologically studied.Fish were anesthetized with 0.04% 2-phenoxethanol. The ovary tissue were digested by 0.25% trypsin-EDTA.HBSS, with1.0 μg/mL NaHCO3, antibiotics were used to maintain cells in a viable stage. The concentration of cells was measured byhemocytometer. Antibiogram and Gram staining techniques were applied to the culture media contaminated with bacteria.Appropriate age, size and weight of trout for oogonial stem cell isolation and culture were identified as 7+ month old,14.6±1.6 cm, 28.2±7.7 g, respectively. The highest oogonial stem cells were measured in the perinucleolar stage of theovary. Enterobacter cloacae and Acinetobacter baumannii were identified in the contaminated cell media. Density ofoogonial stem cells were measured as 5.4×105±2.6×105 cells/mL. In this study, germ cell isolation and culture technique wasdeveloped for S. t. macrostigma

Amputation of Glans Penis: A Rare Circumcision Complication and Successful Management with Primary Anastomosis and Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Penile amputation is an uncommon condition that requires immediate surgical replantation. Routine standardized procedures for dealing with this medical condition do not exist. We describe a case of complete guillotine-type glans penis amputation and review the relevant literature. We performed urethral end-to-end approximation and glanular anastomosis and then applied hyperbaric oxygen therapy postoperatively. We obtained very good cosmetic and functional results

Antimicrobial resistance in urosepsis: outcomes from the multinational, multicenter global prevalence of infections in urology (GPIU) study 2003–2013

Primary objective was to identify the (1) relationship of clinical severity of urosepsis with the pathogen spectrum and resistance and (2) appropriateness of using the pathogen spectrum and resistance rates of health-care-associated urinary tract infections (HAUTI) as representative of urosepsis. The secondary objective was to provide an overview of the pathogens and their resistance profile in patients with urosepsis. POPULATION AND METHODS: A point prevalence study carried out in 70 countries (2003-2013). Population studied included; 408 individuals with microbiologically proven urosepsis, 1606 individuals with microbiological proof of HAUTI and 27,542 individuals hospitalised in urology wards. Main outcomes are pathogens and resistance identified in HAUTIs and urosepsis including its clinical severity. A statistical model that included demographic factors (study year, geographical location, hospital setting) was used for analysis. RESULTS: Amongst urology practices, the prevalence of microbiologically proven HAUTI and urosepsis was 5.8 and 1.5 %, respectively. Frequent pathogens in urosepsis were E. coli (43 %), Enterococcus spp. (11 %), P. aeruginosa (10 %) and Klebsiella spp. (10 %). Resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics was high and rates ranged from 8 % (imipenem) to 62 % (aminopenicillin/β lactamase inhibitors); 45 % of Enterobacteriaceae and 21 % of P. aeruginosa were multidrug-resistant. Resistance rates in urosepsis were higher than in other clinical diagnosis of HAUTI (Likelihood ratio <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is not appropriate to use the pathogen spectrum and resistance rates of other HAUTIs as representative of urosepsis to decide on empirical treatment of urosepsis. Resistance rates in urosepsis are high, and precautions should be made to avoid further increas