272,057 research outputs found
Physical process version of the first law of thermodynamics for black holes in Einstein-Maxwell axion-dilaton gravity
We derive general formulae for the first order variation of the ADM mass,
angular momentum for linear perturbations of a stationary background in
Einstein-Maxwell axion-dilaton gravity being the low-energy limit of the
heterotic string theory. All these variations were expressed in terms of the
perturbed matter energy momentum tensor and the perturbed charge current
density. Combining these expressions we reached to the form of the {\it
physical version} of the first law of black hole dynamics for the stationary
black holes in the considered theory being the strong support for the cosmic
censorship.Comment: 8 pages, Revte
Physical Process Version of the First Law of Thermodynamics for Black Holes in Higher Dimensional Gravity
The problem of physical process version of the first law of black hole
thermodynamics for charged rotating black hole in n-dimensional gravity is
elaborated. The formulae for the first order variations of mass, angular
momentum and canonical energy in Einstein (n-2)-gauge form field theory are
derived. These variations are expressed by means of the perturbed matter energy
momentum tensor and matter current density.Comment: 6 pages, REVTEX, to be published in Phys.Rev.D1
Trapped surfaces in prolate collapse in the Gibbons-Penrose construction
We investigate existence and properties of trapped surfaces in two models of
collapsing null dust shells within the Gibbons-Penrose construction. In the
first model, the shell is initially a prolate spheroid, and the resulting
singularity forms at the ends first (relative to a natural time slicing by flat
hyperplanes), in analogy with behavior found in certain prolate collapse
examples considered by Shapiro and Teukolsky. We give an explicit example in
which trapped surfaces are present on the shell, but none exist prior to the
last flat slice, thereby explicitly showing that the absence of trapped
surfaces on a particular, natural slicing does not imply an absence of trapped
surfaces in the spacetime. We then examine a model considered by Barrabes,
Israel and Letelier (BIL) of a cylindrical shell of mass M and length L, with
hemispherical endcaps of mass m. We obtain a "phase diagram" for the presence
of trapped surfaces on the shell with respect to essential parameters and . It is found that no trapped surfaces are
present on the shell when or are sufficiently small. (We are
able only to search for trapped surfaces lying on the shell itself.) In the
limit , the existence or nonexistence of trapped surfaces lying
within the shell is seen to be in remarkably good accord with the hoop
conjecture.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figure
First Law of Black Rings Thermodynamics in Higher Dimensional Dilaton Gravity with p + 1 Strength Forms
We derive the first law of black rings thermodynamics in n-dimensional
Einstein dilaton gravity with additional (p+1)-form field strength being the
simplest generalization of five-dimensional theory containing a stationary
black ring solution with dipole charge. It was done by means of choosing any
cross section of the event horizon to the future of the bifurcation surface.Comment: 6 pages, to be published in Phys.Rev.D1
Conservation of the stress tensor in perturbative interacting quantum field theory in curved spacetimes
We propose additional conditions (beyond those considered in our previous
papers) that should be imposed on Wick products and time-ordered products of a
free quantum scalar field in curved spacetime. These conditions arise from a
simple ``Principle of Perturbative Agreement'': For interaction Lagrangians
that are such that the interacting field theory can be constructed
exactly--as occurs when is a ``pure divergence'' or when is at most
quadratic in the field and contains no more than two derivatives--then
time-ordered products must be defined so that the perturbative solution for
interacting fields obtained from the Bogoliubov formula agrees with the exact
solution. The conditions derived from this principle include a version of the
Leibniz rule (or ``action Ward identity'') and a condition on time-ordered
products that contain a factor of the free field or the free
stress-energy tensor . The main results of our paper are (1) a proof
that in spacetime dimensions greater than 2, our new conditions can be
consistently imposed in addition to our previously considered conditions and
(2) a proof that, if they are imposed, then for {\em any} polynomial
interaction Lagrangian (with no restriction on the number of derivatives
appearing in ), the stress-energy tensor of the interacting
theory will be conserved. Our work thereby establishes (in the context of
perturbation theory) the conservation of stress-energy for an arbitrary
interacting scalar field in curved spacetimes of dimension greater than 2. Our
approach requires us to view time-ordered products as maps taking classical
field expressions into the quantum field algebra rather than as maps taking
Wick polynomials of the quantum field into the quantum field algebra.Comment: 88 pages, latex, no figures, v2: changes in the proof of proposition
3.
And what if gravity is intrinsically quantic ?
Since the early days of search for a quantum theory of gravity the attempts
have been mostly concentrated on the quantization of an otherwise classical
system. The two most contentious candidate theories of gravity, sting theory
and quantum loop gravity are based on a quantum field theory - the latter is a
quantum field theory of connections on a SU(2) group manifold and former a
quantum field theory in two dimensional spaces. Here we argue that there is a
very close relation between quantum mechanics and gravity. Without gravity
quantum mechanics becomes ambiguous. We consider this observation as the
evidence for an intrinsic relation between these fundamental laws of nature. We
suggest a quantum role and definition for gravity in the context of a quantum
universe, and present a preliminary formulation for gravity in a system with a
finite number of particles.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure. To appear in the proceedings of the DICE2008
conference, Castiglioncello, Tuscany, Italy, 22-26 Sep. 2008. V2: some typos
remove
Wald's entropy is equal to a quarter of the horizon area in units of the effective gravitational coupling
The Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of black holes in Einstein's theory of gravity
is equal to a quarter of the horizon area in units of Newton's constant. Wald
has proposed that in general theories of gravity the entropy of stationary
black holes with bifurcate Killing horizons is a Noether charge which is in
general different from the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. We show that the Noether
charge entropy is equal to a quarter of the horizon area in units of the
effective gravitational coupling on the horizon defined by the coefficient of
the kinetic term of specific graviton polarizations on the horizon. We present
several explicit examples of static spherically symmetric black holes.Comment: 20 pages ; added clarifications, explanations, new section on the
choice of polarizations, results unchanged; replaced with published versio
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime, the operator product expansion, and dark energy
To make sense of quantum field theory in an arbitrary (globally hyperbolic)
curved spacetime, the theory must be formulated in a local and covariant manner
in terms of locally measureable field observables. Since a generic curved
spacetime does not possess symmetries or a unique notion of a vacuum state, the
theory also must be formulated in a manner that does not require symmetries or
a preferred notion of a ``vacuum state'' and ``particles''. We propose such a
formulation of quantum field theory, wherein the operator product expansion
(OPE) of the quantum fields is elevated to a fundamental status, and the
quantum field theory is viewed as being defined by its OPE. Since the OPE
coefficients may be better behaved than any quantities having to do with
states, we suggest that it may be possible to perturbatively construct the OPE
coefficients--and, thus, the quantum field theory. By contrast, ground/vacuum
states--in spacetimes, such as Minkowski spacetime, where they may be
defined--cannot vary analytically with the parameters of the theory. We argue
that this implies that composite fields may acquire nonvanishing vacuum state
expectation values due to nonperturbative effects. We speculate that this could
account for the existence of a nonvanishing vacuum expectation value of the
stress-energy tensor of a quantum field occurring at a scale much smaller than
the natural scales of the theory.Comment: 9 pages, essay awarded 4th prize by Gravity Research Foundatio
Blame Attributions Among Child Sexual Abuse Survivors and Disclosure of the Abuse
Child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosure is critical for survivor´s psychosocial adjustment later in life. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between attributions of blame for child sexual abuse by the victim and the disclosure of the abuse to parents or caregivers while controlling for characteristics of the abuse.
Female college students between 17 and 24 years of age (M = 19.44, SD = 1.64) from a southern Spanish University were surveyed. Of 1547 respondents, 153 (9.90%) reported having suffered some form of CSA before the age of 15. Information about the characteristics of abuse (age of onset, type of abuse suffered, continuity of abuse, and relationship with and age of the perpetrator) and the existence of abuse disclosure by the survivor was obtained from a self-reported questionnaire developed for the present study. The Attributions of Responsibility and Blame Scale (McMillen & Zuravin, 1997) was used to assess attributions made about CSA (self-blame, perpetrator blame and family blame).
The results of a logistic regression model was statistically significant, χ² (9) = 43.856, p < .001. The model explained 41% (Nagelkerke R²) of the variance of abuse disclosure and correctly classified 85.6% of cases. Survivor disclosure was 5.50 times more likely to occur when the perpetrator was not a family member (Wald = 8.14, p < .01) and 3.95 times more likely to occur when there was not physical contact with the perpetrator (Wald = 4.30, p < .05). The occurrence of disclosure was also related to increased perpetrator age (Wald = 4.83, p < .05). With regard to the attributions of blame, the occurrence of disclosure was related to lower scores on self-blame (Wald = 6.78, p < .01) and higher scores on family blame (Wald = 9.67, p < .001). However, no relationship was found between perpetrator blame and disclosure of abuse.
The results confirm the idea that not only self-blame attributions, but also family blame attributions are critical to the decision of a CSA victim to disclose abuse. The possibility that children who do not disclose abuse have a greater need to deny the occurrence of abuse, or have more confusion about being abused is discussed. Attributions of blame should be taken into serious consideration when evaluating children for possible sexual abuse.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec
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