La définition des tâches de l’aide à domicile a-t-elle pour corollaire l’absence des hommes ?

Les politiques de la prise en charge de la dépendance sont à l’origine de la construction d’un champ d’activité qui n’a jamais été défini formellement, mais qu’elles structurent par leurs prescriptions. Ce cadre réglementaire contribue à faire émerger une certaine définition de l’aide à domicile qui n’est pas toujours en adéquation avec les besoins des personnes en perte d’autonomie. Il ne permet notamment pas la prise en charge d’activités moins traditionnellement considérées comme de « l’aide à domicile » et écarte, par construction, les hommes. Si, au niveau des tâches constitutives de l’aide au maintien à domicile, les hommes participent au sein de la sphère familiale, il semblerait qu’ils s’excluent ou soient exclus de l’aide professionnelle. À partir d’une enquête statistique exploratoire et d’entretiens ethnographiques, nous montrons les processus d’exclusion des hommes et l’adaptation de l’activité exercée par ceux qui néanmoins investissent ce secteur professionnel.The long-term care policies for dependent elderly are at the origin of the construction of a job market which has never been formally defined but which has been structured with their provisions. The legislative framework contributes to bearing a definition that does not meet the needs of people losing their autonomy while it does not fund either the activities that are less traditionally considered as “at home care” and de facto excludes men. Even though men help with the activities related to elderly care at home within their own families, it seems as if they are excluded or exclude themselves from professional care help. Thanks to an explorative statistic survey and ethnographic interviews, we will show how men are excluded from professional home care and how the few men who work as professional care givers contribute to remodeling the activity

Travailler à la reproduction des autres ou l'impossible articulation des temps sociaux dans l’aide à domicile?

L’aide à domicile pour les personnes âgées peut favoriser une meilleure conciliation entre les sphères professionnelle et privée pour les aidants familiaux. Partant du cas de la France, l’objectif de cet article est d'analyser en quoi ces formes de délégation d’une partie du care vers des services privés limite la conciliation entre la vie privée et la vie professionnelle des salariés de ce secteur. À partir de l'étude  des conditions d'emploi et de travail de ces professionnels dans le secteur associatif, les auteurs montrent que cette activité essentiellement féminine, qui s'effectue sur les temps de reproduction propre au modèle fordiste, s'approche d'une norme d'emploi marqué par la flexibilité. Les auteurs s'interrogent alors sur la capacité de négociation des salariés et de leurs représentants pour favoriser une meilleure articulation de leurs temps sociaux.Care work for the elderly can promote a better balance between work and private spheres for family caregivers. Based on the case of France, the objective of this article is to analyze how these forms of delegation of a part of care to private services limits the reconciliation between private life and professional life of employees in this sector. Based on a study of the conditions of employment and work of these professionals in the non-profit sector, the authors show that this feminin activity that occurs during time of reproduction in the Fordist model converges with an employment standard marked by flexibility. The authors then investigate the bargaining power of employees and their representatives to promote a better coordination of their social time

Présentation

Le « vieux » continent : réalités démographiques et incertitudes politiques Même si dans l’esprit collectif le grand âge est souvent associé à des problèmes de santé, cette période de la vie est devenue de plus en plus souvent synonyme d’autonomie résidentielle : partout en Europe, l’implication des familles – premières pourvoyeuses d’aide – et la diffusion des politiques de maintien à domicile permettent à un nombre croissant de personnes âgées de rester chez elles le plus longtemps possible..

Le fa’a’amura’a : Confier et recevoir un enfant en Polynésie française

Le fa’a’amura’a est un phénomène qui concerne principalement les femmes en fin de vie féconde. 11% des femmes de 45 ans et plus ont déjà confié un enfant et 20% des femmes de 55ans et plus accueillent actuellement des enfants fa’a’amu. Peu diplômées, ces femmes sont originaires et résidentes des îles les plus éloignées de Tahiti, en particulier des territoires où la situation économique s’est le plus dégradée ces dernières années mais aussi dans les lieux les moins affectés par la diffusion des normes de parenté occidentales. Alors que ce sont les femmes qui ont une descendance importante qui donnent le plus d’enfants à fa’a’amu, il est rare qu’elles en confient plus d’un. Concernant celles à qui l’on confie ces enfants, elles se distinguent par une surreprésentation de veuves et de femmes mariées, de potentielles grandsmères. Si les femmes qui accueillent des enfants confiés ont souvent des descendances importantes, celles qui n’ont jamais eu d’enfants biologiques accueillent également plus souvent des enfants fa’a’amu. Les données du recensement ont permis de généraliser les traits du fa’a’amura’a décrits finement mais de façon très localisée par les anthropologues il y a une quarantaine d’années

Markedly lower follow-up rate after liver biopsy in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases than those with viral hepatitis in Japan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are recommended to have periodic follow-up exams because these patients are at increased risk of the presence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. We investigated the follow-up status of NAFLD patients after a liver biopsy examination.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We compared the follow-up rates of NAFLD patients who had received an ultrasonography-guided liver biopsy and patients who had received a liver biopsy for chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B or C).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The 1- and 3-year follow-up rates after the liver biopsy were 92.7% and 88.3% for patients with chronic HBV infection, and 93.4% and 88.2% for patients with chronic HCV infection, respectively. In contrast, the follow-up rates for NAFLD patients were 77.6% and 49.9%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of patients with chronic viral hepatitis (<it>p </it>< 0.0001). Among NAFLD patients, the respective 1- and 3-year follow-up rates were 73.0% and 44.6% for patients with simple steatosis and 80.0% and 52.4% for patients with NASH based on a pathologic diagnosis, without significant difference between these two subgroups (<it>p </it>= 0.5202).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The outpatient-based follow-up rate after a liver biopsy was significantly lower in NAFLD patients compared to patients with chronic viral hepatitis, regardless of the presence of NASH. It is important to determine how to maintain regular hospital visits for NAFLD patients, preventing patient attrition.</p

The English Crown and the Election of Pope John XXII

This article investigates the involvement of Edward II in the negotiations that led to John XXII's election on 7 August 1316 after a two-year papal vacancy between 1314 and 1316. The main source for this analysis is a dossier of sixteen diplomatic documents, found among the Chancery records in The National Archives in London. The article concludes that Edward II tried to exploit the papal vacancy as a means to re-establish his international profile and seek support abroad in order to face opposition at home, thus ensuring a place for the English Crown within the European political milieu

Comprehensive single-cell genome analysis at nucleotide resolution using the PTA Analysis Toolbox

Detection of somatic mutations in single cells has been severely hampered by technical limitations of whole-genome amplification. Novel technologies including primary template-directed amplification (PTA) significantly improved the accuracy of single-cell whole-genome sequencing (WGS) but still generate hundreds of artifacts per amplification reaction. We developed a comprehensive bioinformatic workflow, called the PTA Analysis Toolbox (PTATO), to accurately detect single base substitutions, insertions-deletions (indels), and structural variants in PTA-based WGS data. PTATO includes a machine learning approach and filtering based on recurrence to distinguish PTA artifacts from true mutations with high sensitivity (up to 90%), outperforming existing bioinformatic approaches. Using PTATO, we demonstrate that hematopoietic stem cells of patients with Fanconi anemia, which cannot be analyzed using regular WGS, have normal somatic single base substitution burdens but increased numbers of deletions. Our results show that PTATO enables studying somatic mutagenesis in the genomes of single cells with unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy.</p

FREE ORAL COMMUNICATIONS 2: ALCOHOL AND LIVER—CLINICAL RESEARCHO2.1RAPID DECLINE OF LIVER STIFFNESS WITH ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL IN HEAVY DRINKERS

Background and aims. Measurement of liver stiffness using real-time elastography appears as a promising tool to evaluate the severity of chronic liver diseases. Previous studies in patients with alcoholic liver disease have suggested that fibrosis was the only histological parameter to influence liver stiffness. To challenge this hypothesis, we have prospectively tested the short-term impact of alcohol withdrawal on liver stiffness value. Methods. All patients hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal in our Liver Unit between September 2008 and December 2010 had a liver stiffness determination (using a FibroScan® device) at entry (D0) and 7 days after alcohol withdrawal (D7). Stiffness values were compared using non-parametric test for paired-values. We compared (i) the 10 measures performed at D0 and at D7 for each patient; (ii) the variation of the median result of all patients (using Wilcoxon test in both cases). Results. A total of 138 patients were included in the study [median alcohol consumption: 150g/day (range: 40-400); hepatitis C: n=22 (15.9%); cirrhosis: n=29 (21.0%)]. From D0 to D7, the liver stiffness decreased significantly in 61 patients (44.2%) and increased significantly in 18 (13.0%). Considering all patients, median liver stiffness value decreased from 7.25 to kPa (P<0.001). The stage of fibrosis indicated by liver stiffness changed in 47 patients between D0 and D7 (decrease in 33 and increase in 14). Conclusion. Liver stiffness decreases significantly in nearly half of alcoholic patients after only 7 days of abstinence. This result strongly suggests that non-fibrotic lesions (such as inflammatory ones) may influence liver stiffness. From a practical point of view, it also shows that variation in alcohol consumption must be taken into account for the interpretation of liver stiffness valu

Comparative analysis of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Italy and Tunisia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Italy and Tunisia (Africa for the Romans), facing each other on the opposite sides of the Mediterranean Sea, have been historically linked since the ancient times. Over the centuries both countries were mutually dominated so the vestiges and traces of a mutual influence are still present. The aim of the present study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the medicinal species present in the respective Floras in order to explore potential analogies and differences in popular phytotherapy that have come out from those reciprocal exchanges having taken place over the centuries</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The comparative analysis based on the respective floras of both countries takes into consideration the bulk of medicinal species mutually present in Italy and Tunisia, but it focuses on the species growing in areas which are similar in climate. The medicinal uses of these species are considered in accordance with the ethnobotanical literature.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A list of 153 medicinal species belonging to 60 families, present in both floras and used in traditional medicine, was drawn. A considerable convergence in therapeutic uses of many species emerged from these data.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This comparative analysis strengthens the firm belief that ethno-botanical findings represent not only an important shared heritage, developed over the centuries, but also a considerable mass of data that should be exploited in order to provide new and useful knowledge.</p