Museum Preservation of Skeleton of Fetus & Small Vertebrates

Transparency technique to demonstrate cartilage and skeleton has been used from years. It is superior to the method of obtaining fetal skeleton by boiling and burying, consisting basically of muscle digestion and staining of cartilage and skeleton. The process involves maceration of soft tissues in 1% KOH and staining of specimen using Alcian Blue 8GX and Alizarin Red S allowing detection of morphology of whole vertebral column and single vertebra, long bones and primary ossification centers. Keywords: Maceration, Alcian Blue, Alizarin Red S, KOH, Primary ossification centre, Fetal skeleton, Small vertebrat

Cross-Regulation between Bacteria and Phages at a Posttranscriptional Level.

The study of bacteriophages (phages) and prophages has provided key insights into almost every cellular process as well as led to the discovery of unexpected new mechanisms and the development of valuable tools. This is exemplified for RNA-based regulation. For instance, the characterization and exploitation of the anti-phage CRISPR systems is revolutionizing molecular biology. Phage-encoded proteins such as the RNA binding MS2 protein, which is broadly used to isolate tagged RNAs, also have been developed as valuable tools. Hfq, the RNA chaperone protein central to the function of many base pairing small RNAs (sRNAs), was first characterized as a bacterial host factor required for Qβ phage replication. The ongoing studies of RNAs are continuing to reveal regulatory connections between infecting phages, prophages and bacteria and to provide novel insights. There are bacterial and prophage sRNAs that regulate prophage genes, which impact bacterial virulence as well as bacterial cell killing. Conversely, phage- and prophage-encoded sRNAs modulate the expression of bacterial genes modifying metabolism. An interesting subcategory of the prophage-encoded sRNAs are sponge RNAs that inhibit the activities of bacterial-encoded sRNAs. Phages also affect post-transcriptional regulation in bacteria through proteins that inhibit or alter the activities of key bacterial proteins involved in posttranscriptional regulation. However, what is most exciting about phage and prophage research, given the millions of phage-encoded genes that have not yet been characterized, is the vast potential for discovering new RNA regulators and novel mechanisms and for gaining insight into the evolution of regulatory RNAs

Hepatoprotectivity and an Antioxidant Study of Ipomoea hederacea on Experimentally Induced Hepatotoxic Rats

Ipomoea hederacea extract, a novel hepatoprotective drug has been shown to provide an antioxidant potential against carbon tetra chloride treated experimentally induced hepatotoxitic rats in comparison with standard hepatoprotective drug silymarin. Significantly raised levels of serum bilirubin, lipid peroxides and decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and  decreased activities of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase were observed and it was nearer to  normal in Ipomoea hederacea administrated experimentally induced hepatotoxic rats. These observations clearly suggested the hepatoprotectivity and antioxidant property of Ipomoea hederacea

In-vitro Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Glycosmis pentaphylla and Bauhinia variegata

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla and Bauhinia variegata. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging method. The antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. Ethanolic crude extract of the plant Leucas aspera showed maximum significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide and H2O2 scavenging methods. The findings of the present study suggested that these two plants could be a potential natural source of antioxidants and could have greater importance as therapeutic agent in preventing or slowing oxidative stress related degenerative diseases

EXTRACTION, PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BROMELAIN ENZYME FROM PINEAPPLE (ANANAS COMOSUS)

Pineapples as a fruit have effective juice and a vibrant tropical flavour that balances the tastes of sweet and tart. Bromelain is a multiple mixture of substances that can be extracted from the stem and core fruit of the pineapple. Acetone fractional precipitation of bromelain from pineapple peel its characterization after the recovery process was studied completely. The natural source Pineapples have been initially screened and used to produce Bromelain, a protease enzyme. Extract of bromelain was homogenized by processing pineapple’s peel and pulp using pre-cooled buffer at specific pH for screening process. Acetone fractional precipitation studies were performed under refrigerating condition. Bromelain was characterized before and after precipitation to determine its optimal pH, temperature and buffer. Results showed that bromelain was precipitated successfully in the 65% acetone fraction and yielded over than 85-90 % of enzyme recovery. Bromelain enzyme was finally characterized with molecular weight of 66kilodaltons. These results showed that bromelain recovery with acetone fractional precipitation is a viable and easier process, in which results in a good quality enzyme for industrial applications

RPS dan Bahan Ajar Kimia Organik Dachriyanus

RPS dan Bahan Ajar Kimia Organik Dachriyanu

A Review on “Ethosomes: An Emerging Approach for Drug Delivery through the Skinâ€Â

Ethosomes are the ethanolic phospholipid vesicles which are used mainly for transdermal delivery of drugs. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through the skin as compared to liposomes hence these can be used widely in place of liposomes. The increased permeation of ethosomes is probably due to its ethanolic content. Ethanol increases the cell membrane lipid fluidity which results in increased skin penetrability of the ethosomes. Transdermal administration of drugs is generally limited by the barrier function of the skin. Vesicular systems are one of the most controversial methods for transdermal delivery of active substances. The interest in designing transdermal delivery systems was relaunched after the discovery of elastic vesicles: transferosomes and liposomes. This article reviews various aspect of ethosomes including their preparation, characterization, potential advantages and their applications in drug delivery. Because of their unique structure, ethosomes are able to encapsulate and deliver through the skin highly lipophilic molecules such as cannabinoids, testosterone, andminoxidil, as well as cationic drugs such as propranolol, trihexyphenidil, Cyclosporine A, insulin, salbutamol etc.. Ethosomes provides a number of important benefits including improving the drug’s efficacy, enhancing patient compliance and comfort and reducing the total cost of treatment

Fem and Von Mises analysis of OSSTEM ® dental implant structural components: evaluation of different direction dynamic loads

Abstract PURPOSE: The objective of this investigation is to study prosthodontics and internal components resistance to the masticatory stress and considering different force directions by using Finite Element Method analysis (FEM). The structural materials of the components are usually Titanium alloy grade 4 or 5 and thus, guarantee the integration of the fixture in the bone due to the osteointegration phenomena. Even if the long-term dental implant survival rate is easy to be obtained and confirmed by numerous researches, the related clinical success, due to the alteration of the mechanical and prosthodontics components is still controversial. METHODS: By applying engineering systems of investigations like FEM and Von Mises analyses, it has been investigated how dental implant material was held against the masticatory strength during the dynamic masticatory cycles. A three-dimensional system involved fixture, abutment and the connection screws, which were created and analyzed. The elastic features of the materials used in the study were taken from recent literature data. RESULTS: Data revealed a different response for both types of devices, although implant neck and dental abutment showed better results for all conditions of loading while the abutment screw represented aweak point of the system. CONCLUSION: The data of this virtual model showed all the features of different prosthetic retention systems under the masticatory load. Clinicians should find better prosthetic balance in order to better distribute the stress over the component and to guarantee patients' clinical long-term results