‘Illat, Hikmah, Qiyas: Studi Pemikiran Imam Ar-Razi dan Imam Al-Amidi tentang Penetapan Hukum dalam Istinbat Qiyasi

The majority of scholars state that hikmah cannot be considered as an ‘illat (legal cause) due to its abstract and elusive nature. This article aims to examine the views of Imam ar-Razi and Imam al-Amidi regarding hikmah as an ‘illat in Islamic jurisprudence, identify their similarities and differences, and explore the implications for legal deduction. This research uses a literature review methodology with a comparative analysis of the works of Imam ar-Razi and Imam al-Amidi as the primary data sources. The article utilizes usul al-fiqh, a methodological approach to the study of legal issues based on the framework of ‘illat and the hikmah of the law in Islamic jurisprudence. The findings of this article indicate that Imam ar-Razi rejects the use of hikmah as an ‘illat, arguing that hikmah is uncertain and its nature is not constant for every law. On the other hand, Imam al-Amidi suggests that a law accompanied by a clear nature can contain hidden hikmah. The commonality in the thinking of both scholars lies in their rejection of ta’lilul ahkam bi al-hikmah. They argue that hikmah is difficult to ascertain and possesses an abstract nature. There are three key differences between these two scholars: in terms of methodology, thinking, and implications.[Sebagian besar ulama berpendapat bahwa hikmah tidak dapat menjadi ‘illat karena sifatnya yang abstrak dan sulit dipahami. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pemikiran Imam ar-Razi dan Imam al-Amidi mengenai hikmah sebagai ‘illat hukum, menemukan persamaan dan perbedaannya, serta implikasinya terhadap istinbat hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kepustakaan dengan analisis komparatif berdasarkan karya Imam ar-Razi dan Imam al-Amidi sebagai sumber data utama. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah usul al-fiqh, yang merupakan pendekatan untuk memahami masalah hukum berdasarkan kerangka teori ‘illat dan hikmah hukum dalam usul fiqh. Penemuan dalam artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa Imam ar-Razi menolak penggunaan hikmah sebagai ‘illat dengan alasan bahwa hikmah itu tidak dapat diketahui dengan pasti dan sifatnya tidak tetap untuk setiap hukum. Di sisi lain, Imam al-Amidi berpendapat bahwa hukum yang disertai dengan sifat yang jelas dapat mengandung hikmah yang tersembunyi. Persamaan dalam pemikiran kedua tokoh ini adalah penolakan terhadap ta’lilul ahkam bi al-hikmah. Mereka berpendapat bahwa hikmah sulit untuk ditemukan dan bersifat abstrak. Terdapat tiga perbedaan utama antara kedua tokoh tersebut: dalam metode, pemikiran, dan implikasi hukumnya.

EnzyNet: enzyme classification using 3D convolutional neural networks on spatial representation

During the past decade, with the significant progress of computational power as well as ever-rising data availability, deep learning techniques became increasingly popular due to their excellent performance on computer vision problems. The size of the Protein Data Bank has increased more than 15 fold since 1999, which enabled the expansion of models that aim at predicting enzymatic function via their amino acid composition. Amino acid sequence however is less conserved in nature than protein structure and therefore considered a less reliable predictor of protein function. This paper presents EnzyNet, a novel 3D-convolutional neural networks classifier that predicts the Enzyme Commission number of enzymes based only on their voxel-based spatial structure. The spatial distribution of biochemical properties was also examined as complementary information. The 2-layer architecture was investigated on a large dataset of 63,558 enzymes from the Protein Data Bank and achieved an accuracy of 78.4% by exploiting only the binary representation of the protein shape. Code and datasets are available at https://github.com/shervinea/enzynet.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure

The Semantic Web MIDI Tape: An Interface for Interlinking MIDI and Context Metadata

The Linked Data paradigm has been used to publish a large number of musical datasets and ontologies on the Semantic Web, such as MusicBrainz, AcousticBrainz, and the Music Ontology. Recently, the MIDI Linked Data Cloud has been added to these datasets, representing more than 300,000 pieces in MIDI format as Linked Data, opening up the possibility for linking fine-grained symbolic music representations to existing music metadata databases. Despite the dataset making MIDI resources available in Web data standard formats such as RDF and SPARQL, the important issue of finding meaningful links between these MIDI resources and relevant contextual metadata in other datasets remains. A fundamental barrier for the provision and generation of such links is the difficulty that users have at adding new MIDI performance data and metadata to the platform. In this paper, we propose the Semantic Web MIDI Tape, a set of tools and associated interface for interacting with the MIDI Linked Data Cloud by enabling users to record, enrich, and retrieve MIDI performance data and related metadata in native Web data standards. The goal of such interactions is to find meaningful links between published MIDI resources and their relevant contextual metadata. We evaluate the Semantic Web MIDI Tape in various use cases involving user-contributed content, MIDI similarity querying, and entity recognition methods, and discuss their potential for finding links between MIDI resources and metadata

Perangkat Pembelajaran Matematika Konstruktivis Berbasis Nilai-nilai Karakter 1 Konservasi Berbantuan E-learning

Peningkatkan penguasaan konsep dan memperbaiki sikap belajar mahasiswa dengan menerapkan pembelajaran konstruktivis berbasis nilai-nilai karakter konservasi berbantuan E-learningi adalah fokus dalam penelitian ini, sebab pembelajaran E-learning dapat menyentuh aspek aktivitas dan kreativitas mahasiswa. Pengembangan yang dipilih adalah pengembangan dengan model 4D yang diadaptasi menjadi 4P, yaitu pendefinisian (analisis awal-akhir, analisis peserta didik, analisis materi, analisis tugas, dan merumuskan tujuan pembelajaran khusus), perancangan (penyusunan kriteria tes, pemilihan media, pemilihan format, dan desain awal), pengembangan (validasi ahli dan uji coba), dan penyebaran. Adapun perangkat yang dikembangkan adalah Rencana Pembelajaran Semester (RPS) dan Rancangan Tatap Muka (RTM), yang dilengkapi dengan Lembar Diskusi dan E-learning. Adapun rata-rata prestasi belajar kelas eksperimen adalah 89,38 yang melebihi batas minimal nilai B, sehingga ratarata prestasi belajar kelas eksperimen lebih baik dari kelas kontrol yang rata-rata prestasi belajarnya adalah 80,50. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan pembelajaran efektif

Mathematical Model of Avian Influenza Epidemics with Vaccinating Poultry and Giving Treatment to Quarantined Infected Human

Avian Influenza epidemics have an impact on human life both in the health and economic fields. This epidemic is one of major problem that causes the infected human get hospitalization. Some action are needed to prevent and reduce the impact of this outbreak. The actions which were done are vaccination in poultry, burning infected poultry, quarantining and giving treatment infected humans.     Keywords: Avian Influenza; vaccination; Mathematical Model; Equilibrium Point; Stabilit