Music Expectation by Cognitive Rule-Mapping

Iterative rules appear everywhere in music cognition, creating strong expectations. Consequently, denial of rule projection becomes an important compositional strategy, generating numerous possibilities for musical affect. Other rules enter the musical aesthetic through reflexive game playing. Still other kinds are completely constructivist in nature and may be uncongenial to cognition, requiring much training to be recognized, if at all. Cognitive rules are frequently found in contexts of varied repetition (AA), but they are not necessarily bounded by stylistic similarity. Indeed, rules may be especially relevant in the processing of unfamiliar contexts (AB), where only abstract coding is available. There are many kinds of deduction in music cognition. Typical examples include melodic sequence, partial melodic sequence, and alternating melodic sequence (which produces streaming). These types may coexist in the musical fabric, involving the invocation of both simultaneous and nested rules. Intervallic expansion and reduction in melody also involve higherorder abstractions. Various mirrored forms in music entail rule-mapping as well, although these may be more difficult to perceive than their analogous visual symmetries. Listeners can likewise deduce additivity and subtractivity at work in harmony, tempo, texture, pace, and dynamics. Rhythmic augmentation and diminution, by contrast, rely on multiplication and division. The examples suggest numerous hypotheses for experimental research

Axiomatic Design: Making the Abstract Concrete

Design broadly defined deals with mapping from societal wants or needs to means for satisfying these needs. Axiomatic design is a well-known approach to design that was initially proposed by Nam P. Suh in the late 1970s. Since that time, it has underpinned much academic research in engineering design; it has been taught internationally as part of engineering curricula; and it has been used across many industries. This paper presents a summary of axiomatic design and provides practical suggestions for best practices in implementation and education

Conditional Gradient Methods

The purpose of this survey is to serve both as a gentle introduction and a coherent overview of state-of-the-art Frank--Wolfe algorithms, also called conditional gradient algorithms, for function minimization. These algorithms are especially useful in convex optimization when linear optimization is cheaper than projections. The selection of the material has been guided by the principle of highlighting crucial ideas as well as presenting new approaches that we believe might become important in the future, with ample citations even of old works imperative in the development of newer methods. Yet, our selection is sometimes biased, and need not reflect consensus of the research community, and we have certainly missed recent important contributions. After all the research area of Frank--Wolfe is very active, making it a moving target. We apologize sincerely in advance for any such distortions and we fully acknowledge: We stand on the shoulder of giants.Comment: 238 pages with many figures. The FrankWolfe.jl Julia package (https://github.com/ZIB-IOL/FrankWolfe.jl) providces state-of-the-art implementations of many Frank--Wolfe method

Recent Advances in Multi Robot Systems

To design a team of robots which is able to perform given tasks is a great concern of many members of robotics community. There are many problems left to be solved in order to have the fully functional robot team. Robotics community is trying hard to solve such problems (navigation, task allocation, communication, adaptation, control, ...). This book represents the contributions of the top researchers in this field and will serve as a valuable tool for professionals in this interdisciplinary field. It is focused on the challenging issues of team architectures, vehicle learning and adaptation, heterogeneous group control and cooperation, task selection, dynamic autonomy, mixed initiative, and human and robot team interaction. The book consists of 16 chapters introducing both basic research and advanced developments. Topics covered include kinematics, dynamic analysis, accuracy, optimization design, modelling, simulation and control of multi robot systems

The Best of Both Worlds: Connecting Remote Sensing and Arctic Communities for Safe Sea Ice Travel

  Northern communities are increasingly interested in technology that provides information about the sea ice environment for travel purposes. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing is widely used to observe sea ice independently of sunlight and cloud cover, however, access to SAR in northern communities has been limited. This study 1) defines the sea ice features that influence travel for two communities in the Western Canadian Arctic, 2) identifies the utility of SAR for enhancing mobility and safety while traversing environments with these features, and 3) describes methods for sharing SAR-based maps. Three field seasons (spring and fall 2017 and spring 2018) were used to engage residents in locally guided research, where applied outputs were evaluated by community members. We found that SAR image data inform and improve sea ice safety, trafficability, and education. Information from technology is desired to complement Inuit knowledge-based understanding of sea ice features, including surface roughness, thin sea ice, early and late season conditions, slush and water on sea ice, sea ice encountered by boats, and ice discontinuities. Floe edge information was not a priority. Sea ice surface roughness was identified as the main condition where benefits to trafficability from SAR-based mapping were regarded as substantial. Classified roughness maps are designed using thresholds representing domains of sea ice surface roughness (smooth ice/maniqtuk hiku, moderately rough ice/maniilrulik hiku, rough ice/maniittuq hiku; dialect is Inuinnaqtun). These maps show excellent agreement with local observations. Overall, SAR-based maps tailored for on-ice use are beneficial for and desired by northern community residents, and we recommend that high-resolution products be routinely made available in communities.  Les collectivités du Nord s’intéressent de plus en plus aux technologies qui leur fournissent de l’information au sujet de l’environnement de glace de mer à des fins de déplacements. La télédétection par radar à synthèse d’ouverture (SAR) est couramment utilisée pour observer la glace de mer, indépendamment de la lumière du soleil et de la nébulosité. Cependant, dans les collectivités du Nord, l’accès au SAR est restreint. Cette étude 1) définit les caractéristiques de la glace de mer qui exercent une influence sur les déplacements de deux collectivités dans l’ouest de l’Arctique canadien; 2) détermine l’utilité du SAR pour améliorer la mobilité et la sécurité quand vient le temps de traverser des environnements comportant ces caractéristiques; et 3) décrit les méthodes de partage de cartes établies à l’aide du SAR. Trois saisons sur le terrain (le printemps et l’automne de 2017, et le printemps de 2018) ont permis d’inciter les résidents à participer à une recherche locale guidée, là où les extrants appliqués ont été évalués par les membres de la collectivité. Nous avons trouvé que les données émanant des images du SAR éclairent et améliorent la sécurité de la glace de mer, l’aptitude à la circulation et l’éducation. L’information découlant de la technologie s’avère un complément désirable aux connaissances inuites en vue de la compréhension des caractéristiques de la glace de mer, dont la rugosité de la surface, la glace de mer mince, les conditions en début et en fin de saison, la bouillie de glace et la glace mouillée, la glace de mer rencontrée par les bateaux, et la discontinuité de la glace. Les données sur la glace de banc ne constituaient pas une priorité. La rugosité de la surface de la glace de mer était considérée comme la principale condition pour laquelle les avantages de la praticabilité déterminés au moyen des cartes établies à l’aide du SAR étaient substantiels. Les cartes indiquant la rugosité sont conçues en fonction de seuils représentant les caractéristiques de rugosité de la surface des glaces de mer (glace lisse/maniqtuk hiku, glace modérément rugueuse/maniilrulik hiku, glace rugueuse/maniittuq hiku; en dialecte inuinnaqtun). Ces cartes sont largement en accord avec les observations locales. Dans l’ensemble, les cartes établies à l’aide du SAR préparées en fonction des utilisations de la glace sont bénéfiques et désirées par les résidents des collectivités du Nord. Nous recommandons que des produits de haute résolution soient régulièrement mis à la disposition des collectivités

Engineered nanomaterials: exposures, hazards, and risk prevention

Nanotechnology presents the possibility of revolutionizing many aspects of our lives. People in many settings (academic, small and large industrial, and the general public in industrialized nations) are either developing or using engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) or ENM-containing products. However, our understanding of the occupational, health and safety aspects of ENMs is still in its formative stage. A survey of the literature indicates the available information is incomplete, many of the early findings have not been independently verified, and some may have been over-interpreted. This review describes ENMs briefly, their application, the ENM workforce, the major routes of human exposure, some examples of uptake and adverse effects, what little has been reported on occupational exposure assessment, and approaches to minimize exposure and health hazards. These latter approaches include engineering controls such as fume hoods and personal protective equipment. Results showing the effectiveness - or lack thereof - of some of these controls are also included. This review is presented in the context of the Risk Assessment/Risk Management framework, as a paradigm to systematically work through issues regarding human health hazards of ENMs. Examples are discussed of current knowledge of nanoscale materials for each component of the Risk Assessment/Risk Management framework. Given the notable lack of information, current recommendations to minimize exposure and hazards are largely based on common sense, knowledge by analogy to ultrafine material toxicity, and general health and safety recommendations. This review may serve as an overview for health and safety personnel, management, and ENM workers to establish and maintain a safe work environment. Small start-up companies and research institutions with limited personnel or expertise in nanotechnology health and safety issues may find this review particularly useful

Exploring the boundaries of precision haemato-oncology : The case of FLT3 length mutated acute myeloid leukaemia

This dissertation explores the astounding biological heterogeneity of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). In three research papers, we study FLT3 length mutated (LM) AML to contribute to the characterisation of genetic diversity between patients but also within the same patient as the disease develops over time. AML is a rare but severe blood cancer for which outcome is poor. In haemato-oncology as in other cancer fields, the imaginary of precision medicine is a potent force that provides direction to research as well as the development of clinical practice. Specifically, the hope is to tailor cancer management by molecular profiling and therapeutic targeting of actionable aberrations. In the case of AML, the validity and utility of this approach is an open empirical question. The aim of this dissertation is to explore the biological boundaries of precision oncology in the context of AML. I have pursued this aim through empirical characterisation of AML as a heterogeneous and dynamic phenomenon (in the research papers) and a literature study and theoretical reflection on the relationship between that empirical characterisation and available conceptual frameworks of cancer (in the synthesis part of the dissertation). Somatic mutation theory, tumour evolution theory and cancer stem cell theory were identified as the prevailing conceptual frameworks representing variants of explanatory models in AML. These theories also provide justification for the clinical approaches related to precision haemato-oncology. The synthesis provides an overview of empirical FLT3-LM AML research poorly accounted for by these prevailing models, including intra-leukaemic plurality of FLT3-LMs as well as clinico-pathological relationships that suggest context-dependency with regards to FLT3-LM properties. Indeed, in Paper I we confirm the finding that AML patients may have several FLT3-LMs. In Paper II, we show hitherto undiscovered sex differences in genetic profiles of FLT3-LM AML. In Paper III, a single patient is followed through the course of his disease to reveal how genetically diverse cell populations may initiate leukaemia in animal models. These findings pose challenges to the understanding of FLT3-LMs as causal contributors in AML pathogenesis. A major conclusion of this dissertation is that somatic mutation theory is not a sufficient conceptual framework for AML. Evolutionary perspectives seem called for, and the dissertation proposes that a selection-centric perspective to further the understanding and interpretation of FLT3- LM AML pathogenesis, conceptualising both cancer cells and cancer as dynamic phenomena rather than confined entities. Based on this I propose a shift towards characterisation of permissive conditions facilitating the emergence and persistence of disease

Distance of detection of host tree visual and olfactory stimuli by the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Mature female apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) were released individually onto a single fruitless hawthorne tree in the center of an open field. This tree was surrounded by four 1 m\sp2 plywood host tree models painted green or white, with or without synthetic host fruit odor (butyl hexanoate), placed at one of several distances from the release tree. Each fly was permitted to forage freely on the release tree for up to 1 hour, or until it left the tree. Flies left the tree significantly sooner when green models with host fruit odor were present at 0.5 m, 1.5, or 2.5 m distance from the release tree than when these models were placed at a greater distance (4.5 m) from the release tree or when no models were present. These results suggest that female apple maggot flies did not detect green 1 m\sp2 models with odor 4.5 m away or models without odor 2.5 m or more away. Increasing model size to 2 m\sp2 increased the distance at which flies responded to green models without odor. Decreasing model size to 0.5 m\sp2 reduced fly responsiveness. The presence of host-fruit odor alone did not influence residence time on the release tree. Rate of movement and upwind orientation ($\pm$22.5\sp\circ) of individually-caged R. pomonella flies increased significantly over no-odor conditions in the presence of a stationary point source of butyl hexanoate at a distance of 12 m (P $\le$ 0.03) in an open grassy field, but not at 24 m. Increasing the rate of butyl hexanoate release from ca. 500 ug per hour to ca. 6000 ug per hour did not significantly increase distance of response. Take-off direction of R. pomonella from a platform in the center of a large open field was random with respect to wind direction when no host odor stimulus was present. Take-off direction was significantly biased upwind ($\pm$67.5\sp\circ) when 8 evenly spaced butyl hexanoate-filled vials surrounded the release platform in a circle with a radius 6 m (P $\le$.03), and downwind ($\pm$67.5\sp\circ) when the same number of vials encircled the platform at 12 m (P $\le$ 0.01). Similarly, take-off direction tended towards upwind when 16 evenly spaced butyl hexanoate-filled vials surrounded R. pomonella at 12 m (P $\le$ 0.10), and was significantly biased downwind at 24 m (P $\le$ 0.01)