Deep Learning Techniques for Music Generation -- A Survey

This paper is a survey and an analysis of different ways of using deep learning (deep artificial neural networks) to generate musical content. We propose a methodology based on five dimensions for our analysis: Objective - What musical content is to be generated? Examples are: melody, polyphony, accompaniment or counterpoint. - For what destination and for what use? To be performed by a human(s) (in the case of a musical score), or by a machine (in the case of an audio file). Representation - What are the concepts to be manipulated? Examples are: waveform, spectrogram, note, chord, meter and beat. - What format is to be used? Examples are: MIDI, piano roll or text. - How will the representation be encoded? Examples are: scalar, one-hot or many-hot. Architecture - What type(s) of deep neural network is (are) to be used? Examples are: feedforward network, recurrent network, autoencoder or generative adversarial networks. Challenge - What are the limitations and open challenges? Examples are: variability, interactivity and creativity. Strategy - How do we model and control the process of generation? Examples are: single-step feedforward, iterative feedforward, sampling or input manipulation. For each dimension, we conduct a comparative analysis of various models and techniques and we propose some tentative multidimensional typology. This typology is bottom-up, based on the analysis of many existing deep-learning based systems for music generation selected from the relevant literature. These systems are described and are used to exemplify the various choices of objective, representation, architecture, challenge and strategy. The last section includes some discussion and some prospects.Comment: 209 pages. This paper is a simplified version of the book: J.-P. Briot, G. Hadjeres and F.-D. Pachet, Deep Learning Techniques for Music Generation, Computational Synthesis and Creative Systems, Springer, 201

Pretend that it is real!: Convergence Culture in Practice

Media convergence has mainly been defined and explained as a technological and industrial phenomenon; as the process where new technologies are accommodated by existing media and communication industries and their cultures of production. One consequence of convergence in today’s hybrid media landscape is that the previously distinct borders between production and consumption have become blurred. This means that convergence also takes place as a bottom-up social process initiated by media users that move almost anywhere and everywhere in search of entertainment experiences of their liking. This thesis sheds light on the different types of media convergence that took place in the process of making the transmedia storytelling production Sanningen om Marika. The Swedish public service provider, SVT, and the pervasive games upstart company, The company P, combined their expertise in broadcasting and games development to craft this ‘participation drama’. During five months in 2007, the production offered Swedes nationwide rich possibilities to interact and participate, or just to watch or lurk on the production’s various platforms. Using an ethnographic approach, field studies were conducted throughout the design, implementation and production phases. The analysis shows that even if instances of convergence could be identified, the collaboration did not proceed smoothly. The companies’ different media logics with their differing cultures of production created tensions and frictions. The different logics of television, internet and games - different in quality demands and with different audience participation models - made it difficult to create a hybrid production. Television genres blurred fiction and facts, and the ordinary was blurred with activities of games and play in the production, making the audience reception and interpretations differ extensively. Lastly, the designed audience participation did not remove the asymmetrical relationship between producers and users in media, but instead highlighted issues of hierarchies, lack of participant empowerment and inequality between participants

Refusing a Spoiled Identity: How the Swinger Community Represents on the Web

This dissertation examines whether and how Websites provide a way for the unique community of swingers, also called Lifestylers, to represent a new (and revise an old) deviant identity without risk to their social and employment standing. Unlike many marginalized social groups who publically rally, swingers have had to take advantage of virtual space to safely appeal to their audiences. The time period studied includes the history of the swingers spoiled identity via academy articles, newspaper headlines, and moral turpitude clauses from the 1950s to the current use of the Web to showcase swingers and their clubs. The study used visual and linguistic rhetorical analysis and swingers\u27 use of rhetorical refusals to examine one-hundred screen shots collected in 2012. One hundred Web pages from twenty-five swing club Websites served as a case study. Two analytical strategies were employed: (1) a qualitative analysis of five linguistic and 12 visual design characteristics and (2) a search for rhetorical refusals, both of the kind previously identified by Schilb and possible new refusal types. The analysis clarified the process by which a Web presence allows previously silenced subgroups to transform social structures and the constraints they face in doing so. In essence, this dissertation challenges the argument that subgroups remain shamed and private if they differ from standard societal behaviors. Some see these groups as detrimental to society\u27s well-being, but that power differential can be undone when counter public groups use the Internet to publically challenge that presumption with an alternative perspective. The findings not only show swingers\u27 deliberate, rhetorical efforts to entice new members through appealing Websites about the Lifestyle, but also demonstrate how such Websites can propel social change as swingers defy socially social expectations to remain invisible, frame themselves as good people, and take the opportunity to redefine desire, monogamy, and loyalty

Semantic discovery and reuse of business process patterns

Patterns currently play an important role in modern information systems (IS) development and their use has mainly been restricted to the design and implementation phases of the development lifecycle. Given the increasing significance of business modelling in IS development, patterns have the potential of providing a viable solution for promoting reusability of recurrent generalized models in the very early stages of development. As a statement of research-in-progress this paper focuses on business process patterns and proposes an initial methodological framework for the discovery and reuse of business process patterns within the IS development lifecycle. The framework borrows ideas from the domain engineering literature and proposes the use of semantics to drive both the discovery of patterns as well as their reuse

The superhero afterlife subgenre and its hermeneutics for selfhood through character multiplicity

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityComic book superheroes venture frequently into the afterlife, to the extent that the recurring conventions of such tales constitute a superhero subgenre. These generic elements help ensure that the stories can be read normatively by their audience (e.g. one's soul continues separately to function after the death of the body, existence after death is its own reality and discernible from illusion). The new subgenre, however, can also be regarded as masking an alternate understanding of narrative character and suggesting an alternative model of selfhood to readers. Beginning with the genre theory work of Paul Ricoeur, Tzvetan Todorov, and Peter Coogan, this project applies their perceived linkage between generic character and audience models for selfhood to the concerns of Helene Tallon Russell, J. Hillis Miller, and Karin Kukkonen. This second set of theorists warns against narrative characters being understood as whole and unified a priori when the presumably counterfactual idea of a multiple self better matches with the goals of religious pluralism and healthful self-understanding. Through these combined sets of theoretical lenses, the project focuses on popular recent depictions of the afterlife in the word-and-image medium of top-selling comics titles such as Thor, Green Lantern, Fantastic Four, Planetary, and Promethea. The comics, with their dual sign systems and 'low-art' fringe status, provide a consideration of personal multiplicity more naturally than prose does alone. Jeffery Burton Russell and Andrew Delbanco recount modern Americans' declining investment in the afterlife, one steeped in traditionally Augustinian models of singular selfhood. As H.T. Russell champions in Irigaray and Kierkegaard: On the Construction of the Self, this model may serve more as a hindering relic than as a useful system for consideration of one's full selfhood. This superhero subgenre offers a hermeneutic for integrating multiplicity into religious practices and considerations of the afterlife

Theories of Informetrics and Scholarly Communication

Scientometrics have become an essential element in the practice and evaluation of science and research, including both the evaluation of individuals and national assessment exercises. Yet, researchers and practitioners in this field have lacked clear theories to guide their work. As early as 1981, then doctoral student Blaise Cronin published The need for a theory of citing - a call to arms for the fledgling scientometric community to produce foundational theories upon which the work of the field could be based. More than three decades later, the time has come to reach out the field again and ask how they have responded to this call. This book compiles the foundational theories that guide informetrics and scholarly communication research. It is a much needed compilation by leading scholars in the field that gathers together the theories that guide our understanding of authorship, citing, and impact

Theories of Informetrics and Scholarly Communication

Scientometrics have become an essential element in the practice and evaluation of science and research, including both the evaluation of individuals and national assessment exercises. Yet, researchers and practitioners in this field have lacked clear theories to guide their work. As early as 1981, then doctoral student Blaise Cronin published "The need for a theory of citing" —a call to arms for the fledgling scientometric community to produce foundational theories upon which the work of the field could be based. More than three decades later, the time has come to reach out the field again and ask how they have responded to this call. This book compiles the foundational theories that guide informetrics and scholarly communication research. It is a much needed compilation by leading scholars in the field that gathers together the theories that guide our understanding of authorship, citing, and impact

Measures for corpus similarity and homogeneity

How similar are two corpora? A measure of corpus similarity would be very useful for NLP for many purposes, such as estimating the work involved in porting a system from one domain to another. First, we discuss difficulties in identifying what we mean by 'corpus similariti: human similarity judgements are not finegrained enough, corpus similarity is inherently multidimensional, and similarity can only be interpreted in the light of corpus homogeneity. We then present an operational definition of corpus similarity \vhich addresses or circumvents the problems, using purpose-built sets of aknown-similarity corpora". These KSC sets can be used to evaluate the measures. We evaluate the measures described in the literature, including three variants of the information theoretic measure 'perplexity'. A x 2-based measure, using word frequencies, is shnwn to be the best of those tested. The Problem How similar arc two corpora? The question arises on many occasions. In NLP, many useful results can be generated from corpora, but when can the results developed using one corpus be applied to another? How much will it cost to port an NLP application from one domain, with one corpus, to another, with another? For linguistics, does it matter whether language researchers use this corpora or that, or are they similar enough for it to mal<e no difference? There are also questions of more general interest. Looking at British national newspapers: is the Independent more like the Guardian or the Telegraph?' What are the constraints on a measure for corpus similarity? The first is simply that its findings correspond to unequivocal human judgements. It mus

Techniques for the Analysis of Modern Web Page Traffic using Anonymized TCP/IP Headers

Analysis of traces of network traffic is a methodology that has been widely adopted for studying the Web for several decades. However, due to recent privacy legislation and increasing adoption of traffic encryption, often only anonymized TCP/IP headers are accessible in traffic traces. For traffic traces to remain useful for analysis, techniques must be developed to glean insight using this limited header information. This dissertation evaluates approaches for classifying individual web page downloads — referred to as web page classification — when only anonymized TCP/IP headers are available. The context in which web page classification is defined and evaluated in this dissertation is different from prior traffic classification methods in three ways. First, the impact of diversity in client platforms (browsers, operating systems, device type, and vantage point) on network traffic is explicitly considered. Second, the challenge of overlapping traffic from multiple web pages is explicitly considered and demultiplexing approaches are evaluated (web page segmentation). And lastly, unlike prior work on traffic classification, four orthogonal labeling schemes are considered (genre-based, device-based, navigation-based, and video streaming-based) — these are of value in several web-related applications, including privacy analysis, user behavior modeling, traffic forecasting, and potentially behavioral ad-targeting. We conduct evaluations using large collections of both synthetically generated data, as well as browsing data from real users. Our analysis shows that the client platform choice has a statistically significant impact on web traffic. It also shows that change point detection methods, a new class of segmentation approach, outperform existing idle time-based methods. Overall, this work establishes that web page classification performance can be improved by: (i) incorporating client platform differences in the feature selection and training methodology, and (ii) utilizing better performing web page segmentation approaches. This research increases the overall awareness on the challenges associated with the analysis of modern web traffic. It shows and advocates for considering real-world factors, such as client platform diversity and overlapping traffic from multiple streams, when developing and evaluating traffic analysis techniques.Doctor of Philosoph