The Development of Government Policy Concerning Africans on Private Estates in Nyasaland, With Particular Reference to the Period 1946-1964.

This thesis attempts to explain the role of Government policy between 1946 and 1964 in removing the dangers of discontent concerning Africans on private estates in Nyasaland. Introductory chapters outline the geographical and political environment, the original land alienation, the problem of Africans on private estates and attempted solutions, 1900-1945, against a background of rising labour demand, population pressure and discontent. Chapter III covers the 1946 Abrahams Report which emphasised the political threat and recommended purchasing private land for resettlement from estates and trust land, and the 1947 Land Planning Committee Report which found serious flaws in Abrahams' recommendations preventing their full implementation, publicly recommended acquiring blocks of land in Cholo and confidentially recommended negotiating with the London Board for acquiring large areas of British Central Africa Company land. Chapters IV-VI show how the new Governor in 1948 determined to acquire extensive areas not intended for early development, additional to those recommended earlier, concentrating on the BCA Company because of the political dangers. Early areas purchased did little to relieve overcrowding and discontent in the crucial Cholo area. Using the 1953 disturbances, he secured British policy agreement to progressive abolition of tangata and African resttlement by purchasing estate land not scheduled for early development, and he secured BCA Company agreement to negotiate acquisition of their Cholo land. Chapters VII and VIII deal with the steps taken eventually to acquire 50,000 acres of BCA Company land and with resettlement, 1955-1957. Disturbed political conditions halted this progress. The African Government in 1961 amended the law thereby inducing further sales, and in 1964 announced the end of resettlement acquisitions. The Conclusion emphasises the racial conflict inherent in the problem of Africans on private estates, and summarises the steps taken to remove it before it could be disastrously used in the final assualt on colonial rule

American origins of NATO : a study in domestic inhibitions and West European constraints

This thesis examines why the United States became a founder signatory to the North Atlantic Treaty in April 1949. The enquiry suggests that the perception of a Soviet challenge to Western Europe was a necessary condition for the Americans helping to create the postwar Atlantic Alliance but an historically inadequate explanation of the reasons they did so. The central conclusion reached in this thesis is that the Truman Administration planned beyond the short-term need to reassure the West Europeans and had its sights set on a longer-term objective. U.S. policy-makers sought to alter the political, economic and military status quo in Western Europe so as virtually to guarantee that the United States would not again be drawn into another world war centred on Europe. Crucial to this American policy objective was the inter-relationship between the temporary purposes of the North Atlantic Treaty and the unformulated but potent idea of West European unity. Contemporary documents make clear that the American concept of - and enthusiasm for - West European integration a) formed an essential part of security deliberations in Washington, including military planning, during the late 1940s; b) gave coherence to domestic, diplomatic, economic and military aspects of U.S. foreign policy; and c) governed the style, content and tone of transatlantic exchanges, ironically limiting the scope for independent U.S. initiatives while giving the war-weakened states of Western Europe a certain, but never decisive, influence over American policy towards themselves. By helping create conditions during the late 1940s in which a militarily self-sustaining Western Europe could emerge, the United States hoped eventually - possibly as early as the 1950s - to withdraw from Europe altogether. From then on containment in that all-important region would not be an American prerogative

Essays in auction theory

Auction theory is a branch of game theory that considers human behavior in auction markets and the ensuing market outcomes. It is also successfully used as a tool to design real-life auctions. This thesis contains five essays addressing a variety of topics within the realm of auction theory. The first essay gives an easily accessible overview of the most important insights of auction theory. The second essay, motivated by the UMTS-auctions that took place in Europe, studies auctions in which, in contrast to standard auction theory, losing bidders benefit from a high price paid by the winner(s). Under this assumption, the first-price sealed-bid auction and the second-price sealed-bid auction are no longer revenue equivalent. The third essay analyzes how well different kinds of auctions are able to raise money for charity. It turns out that standard winner-pay auctions are inept fund-raising mechanisms because of the positive externality bidders forgo if they top another’s high bid. As this problem does not occur in all-pay auctions, where bidders pay irrespective of whether they win or lose, all-pay auctions are more effective in raising money. The fourth essay studies a particular auction type, a so-called simultaneous pooled auction with multiple bids and preference lists, that has been used for example in the Netherlands and Ireland to auction available spectrum. The results in this essay show that this type of auction does not satisfy elementary desirable properties such as the existence of an efficient equilibrium. The fifth essay argues that inefficient auction outcomes due to strong negative (informational) externalities (created by post-auction interactions) can be avoided by asking bidders prior to the auction to submit any publicly observable payment they would like to make.

The Jurisprudence of the Hughes Court: The Recent Literature

The balance of this Article is devoted, after a fashion, to an exploration of the extent to which the recent literature on the Hughes Court seeks to incorporate the internal point of view. In Part I, I seek to identify the historiographical premises undergirding each author’s treatment of the subject. In Part II, I explore how those historiographical premises are reflected in each author’s treatment of the substantive development of constitutional doctrine during the period. In Part III, I examine the ways in which those historiographical premises inform each author’s analysis of the causal forces driving that doctrinal development. Part IV concludes

Making hiring decisions:a grounded theory approach to a practise-based study of filtering in selection

This thesis objective is to discover “How are informal decisions reached by screeners when filtering out undesirable job applications?” Grounded theory techniques were employed in the field to observe and analyse informal decisions at the source by screeners in three distinct empirical studies. Whilst grounded theory provided the method for case and cross-case analysis, literature from academic and non-academic sources was evaluated and integrated to strengthen this research and create a foundation for understanding informal decisions. As informal decisions in early hiring processes have been under researched, this thesis contributes to current knowledge in several ways. First, it locates the Cycle of Employment which enhances Robertson and Smith’s (1993) Selection Paradigm through the integration of stages that individuals occupy whilst seeking employment. Secondly, a general depiction of the Workflow of General Hiring Processes provides a template for practitioners to map and further develop their organisational processes. Finally, it highlights the emergence of the Locality Effect, which is a geographically driven heuristic and bias that can significantly impact recruitment and informal decisions. Although screeners make informal decisions using multiple variables, informal decisions are made in stages as evidence in the Cycle of Employment. Moreover, informal decisions can be erroneous as a result of a majority and minority influence, the weighting of information, the injection of inappropriate information and criteria, and the influence of an assessor. This thesis considers these faults and develops a basic framework of understanding informal decisions to which future research can be launched

United States policy and the diplomacy of limited war in Korea : 1950-1951.

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