A Review: Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antennas and Arrays

This study aims to provide an overview and deployment of Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) based antenna and arrays, with different configurations, feeding mechanisms, and performances. Their performance improvement methods, including bandwidth enhancement, size reduction, and gain improvement are also discussed based on available literature. SIW technology, which acts as a bridge between planar and non-planar technology, is a very favorable candidate for the development of components operating at microwave and millimeter wave band. Due to this, SIW antennas and array take the advantages of both classical metallic waveguide, which includes high gain, high power capacity, low cross polarization, and high selectivity, and that of planar antennas which comprises low profile, light weight, low fabrication cost, conformability to planar or bent surfaces, and easy integration with planar circuits

Low-Profile Wideband Antenna Arrays for Mobile Satellite and 5G Communication

Three innovative low-profile antenna arrays are designed and tested for vehicular satellite and 5G communication. All of the systems presented target key challenges of GEO, LEO and 5G communication. Each design provides a high level of performance for the given application in a far more compact and lower cost design than existing systems.Firstly, a wideband curl antenna array is developed to enable L-band GEO satellite communication for emergency vehicles. This novel 1×3 rotated array utilises a hybrid switch beam and phase shifting technique to enable full beamforming down to 70° in all directions with 40% lower cost than standard phased array systems. Uniquely, this provides excellent azimuth beam steering at low angles from a linear array. This system also utilises a high impedance surface to reduce the height of the antenna elements by 50% compared to existing curl antenna designs.Secondly, a shared aperture antenna array is developed to enable Ka-band LEO satellite communication for vehicular integration. This system utilise a new combination of circular polarised triangular antennas in an interlaced planar triangular lattice such that the topology provides optimal tessellation. As a result, the system provides high performance beam steering and reconfigurable circular polarisation in a highly compact design. This array has been developed such that it is suitable for common PCB manufacturing methods. Unlike existing shared aperture arrays for LEO terminals, this topology enables reconfigurable circular polarisation in a single, planar PCB structure.Finally, a low-cost wideband compressed spiral antenna array is designed and fabricated for global 5G ground-to-air communication for aircraft. An innovative spiral antenna optimisation is presented where the spiral is highly compressed such that it can provide an axial beam over a wide bandwidth while maintaining a lower profile than existing wideband solutions

2008 Index IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology Vol. 16

This index covers all technical items - papers, correspondence, reviews, etc. - that appeared in this periodical during the year, and items from previous years that were commented upon or corrected in this year. Departments and other items may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the first author\u27s name. The primary entry includes the coauthors\u27 names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, specified by the publication abbreviation, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the first author\u27s name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index

2009 Index IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters Vol. 8

This index covers all technical items - papers, correspondence, reviews, etc. - that appeared in this periodical during the year, and items from previous years that were commented upon or corrected in this year. Departments and other items may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the first author\u27s name. The primary entry includes the coauthors\u27 names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, specified by the publication abbreviation, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the first author\u27s name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index

Design of a dual-CP gap waveguide fed aperture array antenna

A slot array antenna with dual-circular polarisation (CP) is presented in this paper. To overcome the fabrication and loss challenges in mm-wave frequencies, the gap waveguide technique is utilised. The right and left hand circular polarisation (RHCP and LHCP) radiations are achieved using slots-fed stepped septum polariser on the longitudinal slot arrays. The waveguides and feeding layer are based on ridge gap waveguide. The experimental results demonstrate the |S-11| and axial ratio of proposed antenna array are lower than -10 and 2 dB, respectively over the frequency range of 29.1-31.7 GHz. The proposed antenna exhibits the measured peak gain of 27.2 dBic at 30.2 GHz. The results prove that the proposed array antenna is a brilliant choice for 30 GHz-band applications and could be developed to realise larger dual-polarised planar arrays

Performance of a New Design Based on Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Slotted Antenna Arrays for Dual-Band Applications (Ku / K)

This paper introduces and discusses the study of a new concept for SIW array antenna development. This conducted development is based on three designs, two of them related to 1x2 arrays fed by SIW line, combined with SIW inset line, and the last designed for 2X2 array antenna feed by SIW inset line. All these structures are designed to give dual-band at (Ku - K) bands with enhanced gain and bandwidth. The new 2x2 array antenna has a high gain, and it consists of four SIW cavities staggered patches with a 90° phase shift, which are fed using microstrip line shielded by SIW vias. The designs were conducted using full-wave simulator ANSYS HFSS - the frequency domain solver. The 2x2 array antenna gives a return loss about (-20 dB), a high gain of 9.05 dB, and two bandwidth equals 210 MHz and 1310 MHz respectively at both of the operating bands. To validate the simulated results the simulation was conducted again using the time-domain solver of the CST Microwave Studio (MWS) full-wave simulator. Simulation results obtained from the two software having different solvers were in good agreement in the results

Low-Cost Ka-band Switchable RHCP/LHCP Antenna Array for Mobile SATCOM Terminal

(c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this[EN] Achieving a functional antenna for mobile satellite communications terminals in Ka-band is probably one of the most challenging tasks in current antenna engineering, particularly bearing in mind they need to be low profile and "affordable." This quest is involving many companies in the field. Our contribution represents one of such efforts. The antenna is based on a slotted waveguide array technology to maximize efficiency and it features a number of novel solutions, going from its robust polarization switching mechanism, to the use of a thin wideband polarizer and the utilization of groove gap waveguides. This communication reports the measured data of a fully functional prototype to validate its novel contributions.This work was supported by the European Space Agency through project LOCOMO under Contract 400010860913NLUS.Herranz Herruzo, JI.; Valero-Nogueira, A.; Ferrando Rocher, M.; Bernardo Clemente, B.; Vila Jiménez, A.; Lenormand, R. (2018). Low-Cost Ka-band Switchable RHCP/LHCP Antenna Array for Mobile SATCOM Terminal. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 66(5):2661-2666. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2018.2806421S2661266666

Reconfigurable Transmitarray with Near Field Coupling to Gap Waveguide Array Antenna for Efficient 2D Beam Steering

A novel array antenna architecture is proposed that can enable 2D (full-space) radiation pattern control and efficient beam steering. This solution is based on a fixed-beam gap wave-guide (GWG) array antenna and a reconfigurable transmitarray (TA) that are coupled in the radiative near field. An equivalent two-port network model of the coupling mechanism is presented and validated numerically. The desired TA reconfiguration capability is realized by an 8 78 array of cavity-backed patch resonator elements, where two AlGaAs PIN-diodes are integrated inside each element providing a 1-bit phase shift. The TA is implemented in an 8-layer PCB, which includes radiating elements, fixed phase-shifting inner-stripline sections, impedance matching and biasing circuitry. The combined antenna design is low-profile (~ 1.7 wavelength) owing to the small separation between two arrays (~ 0.5 wavelength), as opposed to conventional TAs illuminated by a focal source. The design procedure of the proposed architecture is outlined, and the measured and simulated results are shown to be in good agreement. These results demonstrate 23.5 — 25.2 GHz –10-dB impedance bandwidth and 23.3 — 25.3 GHz 3-dB gain bandwidth, a beam-steering range of \ub130\ub0 and \ub140\ub0 in the E- and the H-plane with the gain peak of 17.5 dBi, scan loss ≤ 3.5 dB and TA unit cell insertion loss ≤ 1.8 dB

Novel Asymmetric T-Shaped Radiating Element for Circularly-Polarized Waveguide Slot Arrays

Waveguide slot arrays are a widely used solution to attain linearly-polarized high-gain antennas. In this paper, an all-metal T-shaped radiating element is conceived with the aim to replace the usual rectangular slots and attain circularly-polarized arrays, preserving their good properties. The polarization conversion is made possible thanks to the inclusion of a parasitic arm perpendicular to the main active slot. Due to the fact that this second arm is not directly fed by the waveguide but coupled to the active slot, the T-shaped element can be used in any array originally formed by metallic rectangular slots. The design of resonant shunt arrays has been addressed here for validation purposes. The experimental results of two sample linear arrays at 30 GHz demonstrate the design accuracy and manufacturing reliability, reporting an axial ratio below 2 dB within a bandwidth of 1.9 GHz and a peak efficiency around 98%.This work was supported by the Spanish Government, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), under project PID2019-107688RB-C22

A STUDY ON SERIES SLOT ARRAY ANTENNA DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION TO DUAL LINEAR POLARIZATION

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기·컴퓨터공학부, 2014. 2. 남상욱.본 논문에서는 임의의 선형편파 발생을 위한 직렬 슬롯 배열안테나 설계 방법을 제시하였다. 45도 기울어진 선형편파 발생이 가능하고 동시에 임피던스 정합, 균일전장 분포를 형성할 수 있도록 '교차 리액턴스 슬롯 쌍'을 기본 방사체로 제안하였다. 이 기본 방사체를 이용하면 개별 방사 슬롯 간의 간격이 관내 파장의 반 파장 간격으로 위치시킬 수 있기 때문에 grating lobe를 억제할 수 있다. 또한, 제안한 안테나 설계 기법은 기판 집적 도파관 기술 (substrate integrated waveguide, SIW)을 통해 구현하였고 전장 시뮬레이터 및 제작, 측정을 통해 설계 기법의 적합성을 검증하였다. 먼저, Ka-밴드 용 선형 및 평면 배열안테나를 설계하였다. 45도 선형편파를 발생시키기 위해 적층의 SIW 구조로 배열안테나를 구현하였으며 균일 전장이 발생되는 원리를 등가회로 및 임피던스, 전류 순환 방정식을 이용하여 검증하였다. 나아가, 전자장 시뮬레이터를 통한 결과와 비교•분석하였다. 두 번째로, 낮은 부엽레벨을 가지도록 개별 방사체의 전장 계수 조절 방법을 제안하였다. 각 직렬 방사 슬롯을 흐르는 모드 전류의 크기를 조절하기 위해 개별 방사체의 위치를 중심선을 따라 이동시킬 수 있다. 이러한 옵셋 조절 방법을 이용하여 ‒20 dB 및 ‒26 dB Dolph-Chebyshev 계수를 가지는 선형 배열안테나를 설계하였고 제안한 방법의 효용성을 제작 및 측정을 통해 검증하였다. 마지막으로, ±45도 이중 선형편파 발생을 위한 설계 기법을 제안하였다. 동일한 개구면을 공유하는 두 선형편파 간의 격리도를 최대화하기 위해 교차 슬롯 간에 수직 조건을 만족할 수 있도록 기판의 유전율 및 방사 SIW의 폭을 결정하였다. 나아가 제안한 설계 기법을 8 × 8 이중 평면 모노펄스 안테나 설계에 응용하였다. 모노펄스 동작을 위해 기존의 금속 도파관 전송선로를 이용해 제작된 비교기를 결합하였으며 반사손실, 방사패턴, 이득 등의 전기적인 결과를 확인하였다.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Conventional Slot Array Antennas for Linear Polarization 3 1.2 Substrated Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technology 5 2. Linear Slot Array Antenna for 45º-Inclined Linear Polarization 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Proposed Antenna Configuration 10 2.2.1 Single Slot Module and Impedance Extraction 11 2.2.2 Alternating Reactance Slot Pair 14 2.2.3 Equivalent Circuit Analysis using Recursive Formulas 17 2.2.4 Centered-Inclined Series-to-Series Coupling Slot 20 2.3 Simulation and Measurement 22 2.4 Summary 25 3. Planar Slot Array Antenna for 45º-Inclined Linear Polarization 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Proposed Antenna Configuration 33 3.3 Feeding Network Design and Analysis 35 3.4 Coupling and Radiating Slot Arrangement for In-Phase Excitation 41 3.5 Wideband Coax-to-SIW Transition Design and Analysis 42 3.6 Simulation and Measurement 48 3.6.1 Uniform Electric Field Distribution 48 3.6.2 Back-to-Back Coax-to-SIW Transition 52 3.6.3 Reflection Coefficient, Gain, and Radiation Patterns 54 3.7 Summary 57 4. Excitation Control Method for Low Sidelobe Level 63 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Axial Displacements for Excitation Control 66 4.3 Design Procedure for Excitation Control 73 4.4 Simulation and Measurement 77 4.5 Summary 82 5. Dual Linear Polarized SIW Monopulse Antenna for Tracking Radar 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Design Considerations for Dual LP Radiating SIWs 88 5.3 The Proposed Dual LP 8 by 8 SIW Monopulse Protptype Antenna 92 5.3.1 Folded Short-Circuited Stubs 95 5.3.2 Shunt-to-Series Coupling Slots 96 5.3.3 Series-to-Series Coupling Slots 97 5.4 RWG Comparator for Monopulse Operation 98 5.5 Experimental Results 103 5.5.1 Dual LP SIW Sub-Array Antenna 103 5.5.2 Dual LP SIW Monopulse Antenna 107 5.6 Summary 109 6. Conclusion 116Docto