Wine scientists and winemakers as two communities: bridging the gap through boundary-spanning activities

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2022.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is believed that investments in academic research and development have contributed to new world wine-producing countries entering the international wine markets, traditionally dominated by European countries such as France, Italy and Spain. This has increased the competition for “shelf space” in supermarkets and restaurants. Wine industries that want to maintain and grow sales need to innovate to remain competitive. South Africa exports approximately half of the wine it produces. The industry’s sustainability is strongly dependent on healthy domestic and export sales. Academic knowledge production and effective knowledge transfer assist practitioners with making informed decisions to avoid mistakes and innovate. The South African wine industry comprises an extensive knowledge network with many actors, including researchers, practitioners and intermediaries. An adequate knowledge creation and dissemination system must be maintained for the industry to be competitive internationally, especially against the country’s political past. This study investigated the knowledge-related interactions between oenology researchers from the Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University and South African winemakers. The role of intermediaries in the knowledge network was also explored. Researchers and practitioners have been described as two communities operating in different worlds, speaking different languages, and having different evaluation systems. For effective knowledge transfer, both communities need to be cognisant of each other’s worlds, and effective boundary-spanning activities must be in place. In this study, the world of academic researchers, in general, was demonstrated through a literature study that focused on knowledge production in the context of application and scientific communication. This was to sketch the background on which the empirical study of the Stellenbosch University oenology researchers was based. A documentary analysis of Stellenbosch University provided the background of the university’s population of oenology researchers (11 in total) who were subsequently interviewed. Results from the empirical study showed that most of the oenology researchers have received industry funding in the past or did so at the time of the interviews, either from Winetech (the South African wine industry research funding body) or international suppliers of oenological products. Most researchers described their research as containing excellence and relevance elements to satisfy academic evaluation systems and industry funders’ needs for applicability. Most researchers indicated their willingness to communicate with the industry; some do so more than others, despite specific individual and organisational constraints. The world of winemakers was sketched through a literature study component and an overview of the South African wine industry. This provided the background for the online survey of winemakers (124 responses) and the 20 winemaker interviews. The results indicated that winemakers use a variety of knowledge sources. They prefer social and experiential learning to factual learning. Their preferred knowledge sources are peers, suppliers of oenological products and services and the internet. Results also showed that the intermediary Winetech and oenological suppliers play crucial roles in creating awareness of new research and innovations. The study concludes by providing recommendations to the Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Winetech and South African winemakers on improving their boundary-spanning activities. The study contributes to the academic engagement and knowledge transfer literature mostly focused on academia. Studies jointly investigating academics, practitioners, and intermediaries are very scarce. Finally, the study also identified research needs for future studies.AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar word geglo dat befondsing van akademiese navorsing en ontwikkeling daartoe bygedra het dat “nuwe wêreld” wynproduserende lande die internasionale wynmarkte, wat tradisioneel deur Europese lande soos Frankryk, Italie en Spanje oorheers was, betree het. Dit het die mededinging vir “rakspasie” in supermarkte en restaurante vergroot. Wynbedrywe wat verkope wil handhaaf en laat groei, moet innoveer om mededingend te bly. Suid-Afrika voer ongeveer die helfte van die wyn uit wat dit produseer. Die bedryf se volhoubaarheid is sterk van gesonde binnelandse en uitvoerverkope, afhanklik. Akademiese navorsing en effektiewe kennisoordrag help praktisyns om ingeligte besluite te neem om sodoende foute te vermy en te innoveer. Die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf bestaan uit 'n uitgebreide kennisnetwerk met baie rolspelers, insluitend navorsers, praktisyns en tussengangers. ’n Voldoende navorsings- en kennis-oordragstelsel moet gehandhaaf word sodat die bedryf internasionaal mededingend kan wees, veral teen die land se politieke verlede. Hierdie studie het die kennisverwante interaksies tussen wynkundenavorsers van die Departement Wingerd- en Wynkunde (Universiteit Stellenbosch) en Suid-Afrikaanse wynmakers ondersoek. Die rol van tussengangers in die kennisnetwerk is ook ondersoek. Navorsers en praktisyns word beskryf as twee gemeenskappe met verskillende werelde, tale en evalueringstelsels. Vir effektiewe kennisoordrag moet beide gemeenskappe van mekaar se werelde bewus wees en doeltreffende grensoorspandende aktiwiteite moet in plek wees. In hierdie studie is die wereld van akademiese navorsers in die algemeen gedemonstreer deur 'n literatuurstudie wat op kennisproduksie in die konteks van toepassing en wetenskaplike kommunikasie, gefokus het. Dit was om die agtergrond te skets waarop die empiriese studie van die Universiteit Stellenbosch wynkunde-navorsers gebaseer is. 'n Dokumentere ontleding van die Universiteit Stellenbosch het die spesifieke agtergrond van die universiteit se populasie van wynkunde-navorsers (11 in totaal), wat ondervra is, verskaf. Resultate van die empiriese studie het getoon dat die meeste wynkundenavorsers in die verlede, of ten tyde van die onderhoude, bedryfsbefondsing ontvang het, hetsy van Winetech (die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf navorsingsfinansieringsliggaam) of internasionale verskaffers van wynkundige produkte. Die meeste navorsers het beskryf dat hul navorsing akademiese uitnemendheid en relevansie-elemente bevat. Dit is om aan beide akademiese evalueringstelsels en bedryfsbefondsers se toepaslikheidsbehoeftes, te voldoen. Die meeste navorsers het aangedui dat hulle bereid is om met die bedryf te kommunikeer; sommige doen dit meer as ander ten spyte van spesifieke individuele en organisatoriese beperkings. Die wereld van wynmakers is geskets deur 'n literatuurstudie-komponent en 'n oorsig van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynbedryf. Dit het die agtergrond verskaf vir die resultate van die aanlyn-opname van wynmakers (124 response) en die 20 wynmaker-onderhoude. Die resultate het aangedui dat wynmakers 'n verskeidenheid kennisbronne gebruik. Hulle verkies sosiale en ervaringsleer bo feitelike leer. Hul voorkeurkennisbronne is ander wynmakers, verskaffers van wynkundige produkte en dienste en die internet. Resultate het ook getoon dat die tussengangers Winetech en wynkundige verskaffers van produkte en dienste deurslaggewende rolle, om bewustheid van nuwe navorsing en innovasies te skep, speel. Die studie sluit af deur aanbevelings aan die Departement Wingerd- en Wynkunde, Winetech en Suid-Afrikaanse wynmakers te verskaf oor hoe om hul grensoorspandende aktiwiteite te verbeter. Die studie dra by tot die akademiese betrokkenheid en kennisoordrag literatuur wat meestal op akademiese navorsers gefokus is. Studies wat akademici, praktisyns en tussengangers gesamentlik ondersoek, is baie skaars. Laastens het die studie ook navorsingsbehoeftes vir toekomstige studies geidentifiseer.Doctora

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Federal Register

Daily publication of the U.S. Office of the Federal Register contains rules and regulations, proposed legislation and rule changes, and other notices, including "Presidential proclamations and Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest" (p. ii). Table of Contents starts on page iii

Federal Register

Daily publication of the U.S. Office of the Federal Register contains rules and regulations, proposed legislation and rule changes, and other notices, including "Presidential proclamations and Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest" (p. ii). Table of Contents starts on page iii

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