¿Fomentan las democracias conductas de procura de rentas?

(Disponible en idioma inglés únicamente) Empleando datos históricos institucionales objetivos, ponemos a prueba el vínculo existente entre el alcance, la duración y la transparencia en las democracias y las conductas de procura de rentas, empleando enfoques de series temporales y datos de panel. En este trabajo nos concentramos en el caso de Uruguay, un país étnicamente homogéneo. Obtuvimos tres resultados principales. En primer lugar, los regímenes democráticos guardan una vinculación negativa con las acciones de procura de rentas. En segundo lugar, mientras más tiempo haya durado una democracia, menos conductas de procura de rentas exhibirá la sociedad. En tercer lugar, la legislación promulgada con mayor transparencia guarda una correlación negativa con conductas de procura de rentas. Nuestros resultados son valederos con el uso de diversos métodos econométricos y con las pruebas de validez básica, y se corresponden con las teorías imperantes.

Sexual and environmental dimorphism of the frequency of significant correlations of body mass and height with feet features among 7-13-year-old adolescents

The aim of the study is to demonstrate the sexual and environmental dimorphism of the frequency of significant correlations between body weight and height with selected feet features among 7–13-year-old children. Material and method. The research among 7-13-year-old children was being carried out over a period of 3 years in 6 semi-annual editions and allowed to register 16,462 observations of the value of 48 features describing feet, weight, and height of the body. The photogrammetric method was used to measure selected features. Conclusions Among 7-13-year-old children, the body height is more often associated with the features of the feet than the body weight. Among girls, the proportions of the frequency of body height correlations are similar to the percentage of boys, where body weights are more frequent. The mass and body height shows more frequent associations with feet features among children living in the city than among children from the countryside. The most frequent significant correlations between body weight and height and the features of the feet occur among boys living in the city. Whereby the percentage of body weight correlations in the rural environment is very low. The frequency of body weight and height correlations exceeds that percentage of correlations among girls, who live in the city than in those from rural environment

Finite Population Dynamics and Mixed Equilibria

This paper examines the stability of mixed-strategy Nash equilibria of sym- metric games, viewed as population profiles in dynamical systems with learning within a single, finite population. Alternative models of imitation and myopic best reply are considered and combined with different assumptions about the speed of adjustment. It is found that specific refinements of mixed Nash equi- libria serve to identify focal rest points of these dynamics in general games. The relationship between both concepts is studied. In the 2 x 2 case, both im- itation and myopic best reply yield strong stability results for the same type of mixed Nash equilibria.

Sexual and environmental dimorphism of the frequency of significant correlations of body mass and height with feet features among 7-13-year-old adolescents

The aim of the study is to demonstrate the sexual and environmental dimorphism of the frequency of significant correlations between body weight and height with selected feet features among 7–13-year-old children. Material and method. The research among 7-13-year-old children was being carried out over a period of 3 years in 6 semi-annual editions and allowed to register 16,462 observations of the value of 48 features describing feet, weight, and height of the body. The photogrammetric method was used to measure selected features. Conclusions Among 7-13-year-old children, the body height is more often associated with the features of the feet than the body weight. Among girls, the proportions of the frequency of body height correlations are similar to the percentage of boys, where body weights are more frequent. The mass and body height shows more frequent associations with feet features among children living in the city than among children from the countryside. The most frequent significant correlations between body weight and height and the features of the feet occur among boys living in the city. Whereby the percentage of body weight correlations in the rural environment is very low. The frequency of body weight and height correlations exceeds that percentage of correlations among girls, who live in the city than in those from rural environment

The incidence of significant correlations between body height and weight and foot parameters among 7-13-year-old children of both sexes and environments

The purpose of this study was to present the incidence of significant correlations between body weight and height and the selected parameters of feet among 7-13-year-old children. Material and methods. The study which was conducted among children aged 7-13 years during the period of 3 years, in 6 half-year editions, allowed the author to record 16462 observations with regard to the measurement of 48 parameters describing feet, body weight and height. The photogrammetric method was used to measure the selected parameters. Conclusions 1.Among children aged 7-13 years, body height revealed significantly more frequent correlations with the parameters of feet than body weight. Body height was reported to reveal more frequent significant correlations with the parameters of feet than body weight among boys and girls. As regards girls involved in the study, the proportions concerning the frequency of relationships concerning body height were similar to the percentage represented by boys whereas body-weight-related correlations were more frequent. Body weight and height were reported to correlate more often with the parameters of feet in the case of children living in the urban areas than those from the rural regions. 2.Among boys, the most frequent significant correlations between body weight and height and the parameters of feet were observed in subjects living in the urban environment. The percentage of relationships between body weight parameters observed in the rural environment was very low. Among girls from towns and cities, the prevalence of correlations between body weight and height outnumbered the rate of relationships in the rural environment

Processing of parafoveally presented words. An fMRI study.

Abstract The present fMRI study investigated neural correlates of parafoveal preprocessing during reading and the type of information that is accessible from the upcoming - not yet fixated - word. Participants performed a lexical decision flanker task while the constraints imposed by the first three letters (the initial trigram) of parafoveally presented words were controlled. Behavioral results evidenced that the amount of information extracted from parafoveal stimuli, was affected by the difficulty of the foveal stimulus. Easy to process foveal stimuli (i.e., high frequency nouns) allowed parafoveal information to be extracted up to the lexical level. Conversely, when foveal stimuli were difficult to process (orthographically legal nonwords) only constraining trigrams modulated the task performance. Neuroimaging findings showed no effects of lexicality (i.e., difference between words and pseudowords) in the parafovea independently from the difficulty of the foveal stimulus. The constraints imposed by the initial trigrams, however, modulated the hemodynamic response in the left supramarginal gyrus. We interpreted the supramarginal activation as reflecting sublexical (phonological) processes. The missing parafoveal lexicality effect was discussed in relation to findings of experiments which observed effects of parafoveal semantic congruency on electrophysiological correlates

Geological setting and lithological inventory of the Czarna Woda conglomerates (Magura Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians)

During the late Oligocene to early Miocene the residual Magura Basin was located along the front of the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB). This basin was supplied with clastic material derived from a south-eastern direction. In the Małe (Little) Pieniny Mts. in Poland, the late Oligocene/ early Miocene Kremna Fm. of the Magura Nappe (Krynica subunit) occurs both in front of the PKB as well as in the tectonic windows within the PKB. Lenses of exotic conglomerates in the Kremna Fm. contain frequent clasts of Mesozoic limestones (e.g. limestones with "filaments" microfacies and Urgonian limestones) and Eocene shallow-water limestones. Fragments of crystalline and volcanic rocks occur subordinately. The provenance of these exotic rocks could be probably connected with Eocene exhumation and erosion of the SE part of the Dacia and Tisza Mega-Units

The Economics of Dead Zones: Linking Externalities from the Land to their Consequences in the Sea

The purpose of this review and analysis is to provide a basic understanding of the issues related to worldwide hypoxic zones and the range of economic questions sorely in need of answers. We begin by describing the causes and extent of hypoxic zones worldwide, followed by a review of the evidence concerning ecological effects of the condition and impacts on ecosystem services. We describe what is known about abatement options and cost effective policy design before turning to an analysis of the large, seasonally recurring hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. We advance the understanding of this major ecological issue by estimating the relationship between pollutants (nutrients) and the areal extent of the hypoxic zone. This “production function” relationship suggests that both instantaneous and legacy contributions of nutrients contribute to annual predictions of the size of the zone, highlighting concerns that ecologists have raised about lags in the recovery of the system and affirms the importance of multiple nutrients as target pollutants. We conclude with a discussion of critical research needs to provide input to policy formation

The Economics of Dead Zones: Causes, Impacts, Policy Challenges, and a Model of the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone

This article reviews and analyzes the issues related to worldwide hypoxic zones and the range of economic questions sorely in need of answers. We begin by describing the extent and causes of hypoxic zones worldwide, followed by a review of the evidence concerning ecological effects of hypoxic zones and their impacts on ecosystem services. We describe what is known about abatement options and cost-effective policy design, and then focus on the large seasonally recurring hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. We offer a simple econometric model to estimate the relationship between pollutants (nutrients) and the size of the hypoxic zone. This “production function” relationship suggests that both instantaneous and historical nutrient contributions affect the size of the zone. Our results support concerns that ecologists have raised about lags in the recovery of the ecosystem and confirm the importance of multiple nutrients as target pollutants. We conclude with a discussion of the types of research and cooperation across disciplines that are needed to support the development of policies to address this important ecological and economic issue