Prediction of Satellite Shadowing in Smart Cities with Application to IoT

The combination of satellite direct reception and terrestrial 5G infrastructure is essential to guarantee coverage in satellite based-Internet of Things, mainly in smart cities where buildings can cause high power losses. In this paper, we propose an accurate and fast graphical method for predicting the satellite coverage in urban areas and SatCom on-the-move scenarios. The aim is to provide information that could be useful in the IoT network planning process, e.g., in the decision of how many terrestrial repeaters are really needed and where they should be placed. Experiments show that the shadowed areas predicted by the method correspond almost perfectly with experimental data measured from an Eutelsat satellite in the urban area of Barcelona.Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio de España TSI-020301-2009-3

State modelling of the land mobilepropagation channel for dual-satellite systems

The quality of service of mobile satellite reception can be improved by using multi-satellite diversity (angle diversity). The recently finalised MiLADY project targeted therefore on the evaluation and modelling of the multi-satellite propagation channel for land mobile users with focus on broadcasting applications. The narrowband model combines the parameters from two measurement campaigns: In the U.S. the power levels of the Satellite Digital Audio Radio Services were recorded with a high sample rate to analyse fast and slow fading effects in great detail. In a complementary campaign signals of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) were analysed to obtain information about the slow fading correlation for almost any satellite constellation. The new channel model can be used to generate time series for various satellite constellations in different environments. This article focuses on realistic state sequence modelling for angle diversity, confining on two satellites. For this purpose, different state modelling methods providing a joint generation of the states ‘good good’, ‘good bad’, ‘bad good’ and ‘bad bad’ are compared. Measurements and re-simulated data are analysed for various elevation combinations and azimuth separations in terms of the state probabilities, state duration statistics, and correlation coefficients. The finally proposed state model is based on semi-Markov chains assuming a log-normal state duration distribution

MIMO Extension to DVB-SH

DVB-SH is a hybrid satellite-terrestrial system combining a satellite component and a complementary ground component to provide service in all types of environments, i.e., outdoor and indoor coverage in urban, sub-urban and rural. This paper reports the studies on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) extension to the existing DVB-SH standard. MIMO techniques are considered in this paper for achieving increased spectral efficiency and reliability in the challenging satellite and hybrid channel environment

Performance analysis of cooperative diversity in land mobile satellite systems.

Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.Land Mobile Satellite Systems (LMSS) generally differ from other terrestrial wireless systems. The LMSS exhibit unique characteristics with regard to the physical layer, interference scenarios, channel impairements, propagation delay, link characteristics, service coverage, user and satellite mobility etc. Terrestrial wireless systems have employed the spatial diversity or MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technique in addressing the problem of providing uninterrupted service delivery to all mobile users especially in places where non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) condition is prevalent (e.g. urban and suburban environments). For the LMSS, cooperative diversity has been proposed as a valuable alternative to the spatial diversity technique since it does not require the deployment of additional antennas in order to mitigate the fading effects. The basis of cooperative diversity is to have a group of mobile terminals sharing their antennas in order to generate a “virtual” multiple antenna, thus obtaining the same effects as the conventional MIMO system. However, the available cooperative diversity schemes as employed are based on outdated channel quality information (CQI) which is impracticable for LMSS due to its peculiar characteristics and its particularly long propagation delay. The key objective of this work is therefore to develop a cooperative diversity technology model which is most appropriate for LMSS and also adequately mitigates the outdated CQI challenge. To achieve the objective, the feasibility of cooperative diversity for LMSS was first analyzed by employing an appropriate LMSS channel model. Then, a novel Predictive Relay Selection (PRS) cooperative diversity scheme for LMSS was developed which adequately captured the LMSS architecture. The PRS cooperative scheme developed employed prediction algorithms, namely linear prediction and pattern-matching prediction algorithms in determining the future CQI of the available relay terminals before choosing the most appropriate relay for cooperation. The performance of the PRS cooperative diversity scheme in terms of average output SNR, outage probability, average channel capacity and bit error probability were simulated, then numerically analyzed. The results of the PRS cooperative diversity model for LMSS developed not only showed the gains resulting from introducing cooperative techniques in satellite communications but also showed improvement over other cooperative techniques that based their relay selection cooperation on channels with outdated quality information (CQI). Finally, a comparison between the results obtained from the various predictive models considered was carried out and the best prediction model was recommended for the PRS cooperation

On Channel Modelling for Land Mobile Satellite Reception

In modernen Satellitenrundfunksystemen werden Methoden wie Zeitdiversität (Empfang von zeitlich verteilter Information) und Winkeldiversität (Empfang von mehreren Satelliten mit unterschiedlichen Positionen) angewandt, um die geforderte Dienstequalität für den mobilen Empfang zu gewährleisten. Zur Untersuchung der Ausbreitungseffekte des landmobilen Satellitenkanals sowohl der Wirksamkeit von Diversität werden statistische Modelle benötigt, die den zeitlichen Signalschwund des Empfangssignals nachbilden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Kanalmodell für den Mehrsatellitenempfang entwickelt, welches genaue Versorgungsvorhersagen mit Zeit- und Winkeldiversität erlaubt.Grundlage ist ein Einsatellitenmodell, welches großräumige Schwankungen im Kanal durchdie Zustände ’gut’ und ’schlecht’ definiert, und den langsamen und schnellen Signalschwund gemäß einer variablen Loo-Verteilung beschreibt, deren Parameter nach jedem Zustandswechsel stochastisch bestimmt werden. Für die Zustandsmodellierung mit zwei Satelliten wird ein 'semi-Markov Modell für korrellierte Zustandssequenzen' erarbeitet. Damit können, unter Berücksichtigung der Statistiken der Einzelkanäle und deren Korrelationskoeffizient, die Zustandswahrscheinlichkeiten und-längen exakt simuliert werden. Für die Zustandsmodellierung mit drei Satelliten wird ein 'Master-Slave'-Ansatz entwickelt. Dabei sind die Zustandssequenzen zweier ’Slaves’ bedingt abhängig zur ’Master’-Sequenz. Der ’Master-Slave’-Ansatz ermöglicht die Parametrisierung eines Dreisatellitenmodells. Zur Beschreibung des langsamen und schnellen Signalschwunds im Mehrsatellitenkanal wirddie Wechselbeziehung zwischen synchron gemessenen Satellitensignalen näher untersucht.Es stellt sich heraus dass weitere Signalkorrelationen berücksichtigt werden sollten, dieerstmalig im neuen LMS-Kanalmodell implementiert werden. Die Simulationssergebnisse werden in Statistiken erster und zweiter Ordnung den Messdaten gegenübergestellt. Im Vergleich zu bestehenden Modellen werden Verbesserungen nach Berücksichtigung von Diversität deutlich. Die Parameter für das Mehrsatellitenkanalmodell wurden aus umfassenden Messkampagnen abgeleitet und gewährleisten die Signalsimulation für verschiedene Umgebungen und Satellitenpositionen. Abschließend wird das Kanalmodell für einen ersten Vergleich verschiedener Satellitenkonfigurationen mit Zeit- und Winkeldiversität angewandt.Modern digital satellite broadcasting systems combine time diversity (i.e. information is spread over a certain time interval) with angle diversity (i.e. information is received from multiple satellites in different orbital positions) to ensure uninterrupted service for mobile receivers over large areas. For assessing propagation effects of the land mobile satellite (LMS) channel and to study the efficacy of diversity, statistical models are required which generate time series of the received fading signal. In this thesis a narrowband LMS channel model for multi-satellite reception is developed focusing on accurate coverage prediction under consideration of angle- and time diversity. Basis is an existing single-satellite model, which describes large-scale signal variations of the channel by 'good' and 'bad' states, and models slow- and fast signal variations according to a versatile Loo distribution, which parameters are selected randomly when the channel enters a new state. For dual-satellite state modelling, a semi-Markov model for correlated state sequences is developed. It provides an accurate state probability and state duration modelling by considering the statistics of separate channels and their correlation coefficient. For the state modelling with three satellites, a new Master-Slave concept is introduced. Therefore, state sequences of slave satellites are conditioned by an existing master state sequence. The great advantage is that Master-Slave makes the parametrisation of a triple-satellite model feasible. To address slow- and fast variations for multi-satellite reception, the fading interdependence between synchronously received satellite signals is analysed from high-resolution measurement data. Hence additional correlations besides the state correlation are identified and firstly considered in the new multi-satellite LMS model. The modelling results are compared with the measurements in terms of first- and second order statistics, where improvements in describing diversity become visible when compared to existing models. Model parameters are derived from large-scale measurement campaigns to enable a time series generation for different environments and various constellations of satellites. The applicability of the new model is finally demonstrated by comparing the performance of different satellite constellations with diversity

On Channel Modelling for Land Mobile Satellite Reception

In modernen Satellitenrundfunksystemen werden Methoden wie Zeitdiversität (Empfang von zeitlich verteilter Information) und Winkeldiversität (Empfang von mehreren Satelliten mit unterschiedlichen Positionen) angewandt, um die geforderte Dienstequalität für den mobilen Empfang zu gewährleisten. Zur Untersuchung der Ausbreitungseffekte des landmobilen Satellitenkanals sowohl der Wirksamkeit von Diversität werden statistische Modelle benötigt, die den zeitlichen Signalschwund des Empfangssignals nachbilden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein Kanalmodell für den Mehrsatellitenempfang entwickelt, welches genaue Versorgungsvorhersagen mit Zeit- und Winkeldiversität erlaubt.Grundlage ist ein Einsatellitenmodell, welches großräumige Schwankungen im Kanal durchdie Zustände ’gut’ und ’schlecht’ definiert, und den langsamen und schnellen Signalschwund gemäß einer variablen Loo-Verteilung beschreibt, deren Parameter nach jedem Zustandswechsel stochastisch bestimmt werden. Für die Zustandsmodellierung mit zwei Satelliten wird ein 'semi-Markov Modell für korrellierte Zustandssequenzen' erarbeitet. Damit können, unter Berücksichtigung der Statistiken der Einzelkanäle und deren Korrelationskoeffizient, die Zustandswahrscheinlichkeiten und-längen exakt simuliert werden. Für die Zustandsmodellierung mit drei Satelliten wird ein 'Master-Slave'-Ansatz entwickelt. Dabei sind die Zustandssequenzen zweier ’Slaves’ bedingt abhängig zur ’Master’-Sequenz. Der ’Master-Slave’-Ansatz ermöglicht die Parametrisierung eines Dreisatellitenmodells. Zur Beschreibung des langsamen und schnellen Signalschwunds im Mehrsatellitenkanal wirddie Wechselbeziehung zwischen synchron gemessenen Satellitensignalen näher untersucht.Es stellt sich heraus dass weitere Signalkorrelationen berücksichtigt werden sollten, dieerstmalig im neuen LMS-Kanalmodell implementiert werden. Die Simulationssergebnisse werden in Statistiken erster und zweiter Ordnung den Messdaten gegenübergestellt. Im Vergleich zu bestehenden Modellen werden Verbesserungen nach Berücksichtigung von Diversität deutlich. Die Parameter für das Mehrsatellitenkanalmodell wurden aus umfassenden Messkampagnen abgeleitet und gewährleisten die Signalsimulation für verschiedene Umgebungen und Satellitenpositionen. Abschließend wird das Kanalmodell für einen ersten Vergleich verschiedener Satellitenkonfigurationen mit Zeit- und Winkeldiversität angewandt.Modern digital satellite broadcasting systems combine time diversity (i.e. information is spread over a certain time interval) with angle diversity (i.e. information is received from multiple satellites in different orbital positions) to ensure uninterrupted service for mobile receivers over large areas. For assessing propagation effects of the land mobile satellite (LMS) channel and to study the efficacy of diversity, statistical models are required which generate time series of the received fading signal. In this thesis a narrowband LMS channel model for multi-satellite reception is developed focusing on accurate coverage prediction under consideration of angle- and time diversity. Basis is an existing single-satellite model, which describes large-scale signal variations of the channel by 'good' and 'bad' states, and models slow- and fast signal variations according to a versatile Loo distribution, which parameters are selected randomly when the channel enters a new state. For dual-satellite state modelling, a semi-Markov model for correlated state sequences is developed. It provides an accurate state probability and state duration modelling by considering the statistics of separate channels and their correlation coefficient. For the state modelling with three satellites, a new Master-Slave concept is introduced. Therefore, state sequences of slave satellites are conditioned by an existing master state sequence. The great advantage is that Master-Slave makes the parametrisation of a triple-satellite model feasible. To address slow- and fast variations for multi-satellite reception, the fading interdependence between synchronously received satellite signals is analysed from high-resolution measurement data. Hence additional correlations besides the state correlation are identified and firstly considered in the new multi-satellite LMS model. The modelling results are compared with the measurements in terms of first- and second order statistics, where improvements in describing diversity become visible when compared to existing models. Model parameters are derived from large-scale measurement campaigns to enable a time series generation for different environments and various constellations of satellites. The applicability of the new model is finally demonstrated by comparing the performance of different satellite constellations with diversity

Modelling and and measurement analysis of the satellite MIMO radio channel

The increasing demand for terrestrial and satellite delivered digital multimedia services has precipitated the problem of spectrum scarcity in recent years. This has resulted in deployment of spectral efficient technologies such as MIMO for terrestrial systems. However, MIMO cannot be easily deployed for the satellite channel using conventional spatial multiplexing as the channel conditions here are very different from the terrestrial case, and it is often dominated by line of sight fading. Orthogonal circular polarization, which has long been used for increasing both frequency reuse and the power spectral density available to earth-bound satellite terminals, has recently been recommended for directly increasing the throughput available to such devices. Following that theme, this thesis proposes a novel dual circular polarisation multiplexing (DCPM) technique, which is aimed at the burgeoning area of throughput-hungry digital video broadcasting via satellite to handheld devices (DVB-SH) and digital video broadcast to the next generation of hand held (DVB-NGH) systems. In determining the working limits of DCPM, a series of measurement campaigns have been performed, from which extensive dual circular polarised land mobile satellite (LMS) channel data has been derived. Using the newly available channel data and with the aid of statistical channel modelling tools found in literature, a new dual circular polarised LMS MIMO channel model has been developed. This model, in contrast with previously available LMS MIMO channel models, is simpler to implement since it uses a distinct state-based empirical-stochastic approach. The model has been found to be robust and it easily lends itself to rapid implementation for system level MIMO and DCPM analysis. Finally, by way of bit error rate (BER) analysis in different channel fading conditions, it has been determined when best to implement polarisation multiplexing or conventional . MIMO techniques for DVB-type land mobile receivers. It is recommended that DCPM be used when the channel in predominantly Ricean, with eo-polar channel Rice factors and sub-channel cross correlation values greater than 1dB and 0.40 respectively. The recommendations provided by this research are valuable contributions, which may help shape the evolving DVB-NGH standardisation process.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Economically sustainable public security and emergency network exploiting a broadband communications satellite

The research contributes to work in Rapid Deployment of a National Public Security and Emergency Communications Network using Communication Satellite Broadband. Although studies in Public Security Communication networks have examined the use of communications satellite as an integral part of the Communication Infrastructure, there has not been an in-depth design analysis of an optimized regional broadband-based communication satellite in relation to the envisaged service coverage area, with little or no terrestrial last-mile telecommunications infrastructure for delivery of satellite solutions, applications and services. As such, the research provides a case study of a Nigerian Public Safety Security Communications Pilot project deployed in regions of the African continent with inadequate terrestrial last mile infrastructure and thus requiring a robust regional Communications Satellite complemented with variants of terrestrial wireless technologies to bridge the digital hiatus as a short and medium term measure apart from other strategic needs. The research not only addresses the pivotal role of a secured integrated communications Public safety network for security agencies and emergency service organizations with its potential to foster efficient information symmetry amongst their operations including during emergency and crisis management in a timely manner but demonstrates a working model of how analogue spectrum meant for Push-to-Talk (PTT) services can be re-farmed and digitalized as a “dedicated” broadband-based public communications system. The network’s sustainability can be secured by using excess capacity for the strategic commercial telecommunication needs of the state and its citizens. Utilization of scarce spectrum has been deployed for Nigeria’s Cashless policy pilot project for financial and digital inclusion. This effectively drives the universal access goals, without exclusivity, in a continent, which still remains the least wired in the world