219,151 research outputs found
Variability of Contact Process in Complex Networks
We study numerically how the structures of distinct networks influence the
epidemic dynamics in contact process. We first find that the variability
difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous networks is very narrow,
although the heterogeneous structures can induce the lighter prevalence.
Contrary to non-community networks, strong community structures can cause the
secondary outbreak of prevalence and two peaks of variability appeared.
Especially in the local community, the extraordinarily large variability in
early stage of the outbreak makes the prediction of epidemic spreading hard.
Importantly, the bridgeness plays a significant role in the predictability,
meaning the further distance of the initial seed to the bridgeness, the less
accurate the predictability is. Also, we investigate the effect of different
disease reaction mechanisms on variability, and find that the different
reaction mechanisms will result in the distinct variabilities at the end of
epidemic spreading.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Predicting the diversity of early epidemic spread on networks
The course of an epidemic exhibits average growth dynamics determined by
features of the pathogen and the population, yet also features significant
variability reflecting the stochastic nature of disease spread. The interplay
of biological, social, structural and random factors makes disease forecasting
extraordinarily complex. In this work, we reframe a stochastic branching
process analysis in terms of probability generating functions and compare it to
continuous time epidemic simulations on networks. In doing so, we predict the
diversity of emerging epidemic courses on both homogeneous and heterogeneous
networks. We show how the challenge of inferring the early course of an
epidemic falls on the randomness of disease spread more so than on the
heterogeneity of contact patterns. We provide an analysis which helps quantify,
in real time, the probability that an epidemic goes supercritical or
conversely, dies stochastically. These probabilities are often assumed to be
one and zero, respectively, if the basic reproduction number, or R0, is greater
than 1, ignoring the heterogeneity and randomness inherent to disease spread.
This framework can give more insight into early epidemic spread by weighting
standard deterministic models with likelihood to inform pandemic preparedness
with probabilistic forecasts
Epidemic Variability in Hierarchical Geographical Networks with Human Activity Patterns
Recently, some studies have revealed that non-Poissonian statistics of human
behaviors stem from the hierarchical geographical network structure. On this
view, we focus on epidemic spreading in the hierarchical geographical networks,
and study how two distinct contact patterns (i. e., homogeneous time delay
(HOTD) and heterogeneous time delay (HETD) associated with geographical
distance) influence the spreading speed and the variability of outbreaks. We
find that, compared with HOTD and null model, correlations between time delay
and network hierarchy in HETD remarkably slow down epidemic spreading, and
result in a upward cascading multi-modal phenomenon. Proportionately, the
variability of outbreaks in HETD has the lower value, but several comparable
peaks for a long time, which makes the long-term prediction of epidemic
spreading hard. When a seed (i. e., the initial infected node) is from the high
layers of networks, epidemic spreading is remarkably promoted. Interestingly,
distinct trends of variabilities in two contact patterns emerge: high-layer
seeds in HOTD result in the lower variabilities, the case of HETD is opposite.
More importantly, the variabilities of high-layer seeds in HETD are much
greater than that in HOTD, which implies the unpredictability of epidemic
spreading in hierarchical geographical networks
Griffiths phases in infinite-dimensional, non-hierarchical modular networks
Griffiths phases (GPs), generated by the heterogeneities on modular networks,
have recently been suggested to provide a mechanism, rid of fine parameter
tuning, to explain the critical behavior of complex systems. One conjectured
requirement for systems with modular structures was that the network of modules
must be hierarchically organized and possess finite dimension. We investigate
the dynamical behavior of an activity spreading model, evolving on
heterogeneous random networks with highly modular structure and organized
non-hierarchically. We observe that loosely coupled modules act as effective
rare-regions, slowing down the extinction of activation. As a consequence, we
find extended control parameter regions with continuously changing dynamical
exponents for single network realizations, preserved after finite size
analyses, as in a real GP. The avalanche size distributions of spreading events
exhibit robust power-law tails. Our findings relax the requirement of
hierarchical organization of the modular structure, which can help to
rationalize the criticality of modular systems in the framework of GPs.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure
Temporal Fidelity in Dynamic Social Networks
It has recently become possible to record detailed social interactions in
large social systems with high resolution. As we study these datasets, human
social interactions display patterns that emerge at multiple time scales, from
minutes to months. On a fundamental level, understanding of the network
dynamics can be used to inform the process of measuring social networks. The
details of measurement are of particular importance when considering dynamic
processes where minute-to-minute details are important, because collection of
physical proximity interactions with high temporal resolution is difficult and
expensive. Here, we consider the dynamic network of proximity-interactions
between approximately 500 individuals participating in the Copenhagen Networks
Study. We show that in order to accurately model spreading processes in the
network, the dynamic processes that occur on the order of minutes are essential
and must be included in the analysis
The spread of infections on evolving scale-free networks
We study the contact process on a class of evolving scale-free networks,
where each node updates its connections at independent random times. We give a
rigorous mathematical proof that there is a transition between a phase where
for all infection rates the infection survives for a long time, at least
exponential in the network size, and a phase where for sufficiently small
infection rates extinction occurs quickly, at most like the square root of the
network size. The phase transition occurs when the power-law exponent crosses
the value four. This behaviour is in contrast to that of the contact process on
the corresponding static model, where there is no phase transition, as well as
that of a classical mean-field approximation, which has a phase transition at
power-law exponent three. The new observation behind our result is that
temporal variability of networks can simultaneously increase the rate at which
the infection spreads in the network, and decrease the time which the infection
spends in metastable states.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figur
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