A vector partition function for the multiplicities of sl_k(C)

We use Gelfand-Tsetlin diagrams to write down the weight multiplicity function for the Lie algebra sl_k(C) (type A_{k-1}) as a single partition function. This allows us to apply known results about partition functions to derive interesting properties of the weight diagrams. We relate this description to that of the Duistermaat-Heckman measure from symplectic geometry, which gives a large-scale limit way to look at multiplicity diagrams. We also provide an explanation for why the weight polynomials in the boundary regions of the weight diagrams exhibit a number of linear factors. Using symplectic geometry, we prove that the partition of the permutahedron into domains of polynomiality of the Duistermaat-Heckman function is the same as that for the weight multiplicity function, and give an elementary proof of this for sl_4(C) (A_3).Comment: 34 pages, 11 figures and diagrams; submitted to Journal of Algebr

Transcendental extensions of a valuation domain of rank one

Let $V$ be a valuation domain of rank one and quotient field $K$. Let $\overline{\hat{K}}$ be a fixed algebraic closure of the $v$-adic completion $\hat K$ of $K$ and let $\overline{\hat{V}}$ be the integral closure of $\hat V$ in $\overline{\hat{K}}$. We describe a relevant class of valuation domains $W$ of the field of rational functions $K(X)$ which lie over $V$, which are indexed by the elements $\alpha\in\overline{\hat{K}}\cup\{\infty\}$, namely, $W=W_{\alpha}=\{\varphi\in K(X) \mid \varphi(\alpha)\in\overline{\hat{V}}\}$. If $V$ is discrete and $\pi\in V$ is a uniformizer, then a valuation domain $W$ of $K(X)$ is of this form if and only if the residue field degree $[W/M:V/P]$ is finite and $\pi W=M^e$, for some $e\geq 1$, where $M$ is the maximal ideal of $W$. In general, for $\alpha,\beta\in\overline{\hat{K}}$ we have $W_{\alpha}=W_{\beta}$ if and only if $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are conjugated over $\hat K$. Finally, we show that the set $\mathcal{P}^{{\rm irr}}$ of irreducible polynomials over $\hat K$ endowed with an ultrametric distance introduced by Krasner is homeomorphic to the space $\{W_{\alpha} \mid \alpha\in\overline{\hat{K}}\}$ endowed with the Zariski topology.Comment: accepted for publication in the Proceedings of the AMS (2016); comments are welcome

Spectral method for matching exterior and interior elliptic problems

A spectral method is described for solving coupled elliptic problems on an interior and an exterior domain. The method is formulated and tested on the two-dimensional interior Poisson and exterior Laplace problems, whose solutions and their normal derivatives are required to be continuous across the interface. A complete basis of homogeneous solutions for the interior and exterior regions, corresponding to all possible Dirichlet boundary values at the interface, are calculated in a preprocessing step. This basis is used to construct the influence matrix which serves to transform the coupled boundary conditions into conditions on the interior problem. Chebyshev approximations are used to represent both the interior solutions and the boundary values. A standard Chebyshev spectral method is used to calculate the interior solutions. The exterior harmonic solutions are calculated as the convolution of the free-space Green's function with a surface density; this surface density is itself the solution to an integral equation which has an analytic solution when the boundary values are given as a Chebyshev expansion. Properties of Chebyshev approximations insure that the basis of exterior harmonic functions represents the external near-boundary solutions uniformly. The method is tested by calculating the electrostatic potential resulting from charge distributions in a rectangle. The resulting influence matrix is well-conditioned and solutions converge exponentially as the resolution is increased. The generalization of this approach to three-dimensional problems is discussed, in particular the magnetohydrodynamic equations in a finite cylindrical domain surrounded by a vacuum

On L1L^1-estimates of derivatives of univalent rational functions

We study the growth of the quantity $\int_{\mathbb{T}}|R'(z)|\,dm(z)$ for rational functions $R$ of degree $n$, which are bounded and univalent in the unit disk, and prove that this quantity may grow as $n^\gamma$, $\gamma>0$, when $n\to\infty$. Some applications of this result to problems of regularity of boundaries of Nevanlinna domains are considered. We also discuss a related result by Dolzhenko which applies to general (non-univalent) rational functions.Comment: 16 pages, to appear in Journal d'Analyse Mathematiqu

Effective results for unit equations over finitely generated domains

Let A be a commutative domain containing Z which is finitely generated as a Z-algebra, and let a,b,c be non-zero elements of A. It follows from work of Siegel, Mahler, Parry and Lang that the equation (*) ax+by=c has only finitely many solutions in elements x,y of the unit group A* of A, but the proof following from their arguments is ineffective. Using linear forms in logarithms estimates of Baker and Coates, in 1979 Gy\H{o}ry gave an effective proof of this finiteness result, in the special case that A is the ring of S-integers of an algebraic number field. Some years later, Gy\H{o}ry extended this to a restricted class of finitely generated domains A, containing transcendental elements. In the present paper, we give an effective finiteness proof for the number of solutions of (*) for arbitrary domains A finitely generated over Z. In fact, we give an explicit upper bound for the `sizes' of the solutions x,y, in terms of defining parameters for A,a,b,c. In our proof, we use already existing effective finiteness results for two variable S-unit equations over number fields due to Gy\H{o}ry and Yu and over function fields due to Mason, as well as an explicit specialization argument.Comment: 41 page

Cauchy Type Integrals of Algebraic Functions

We consider Cauchy type integrals $I(t)={1\over 2\pi i}\int_{\gamma} {g(z)dz\over z-t}$ with $g(z)$ an algebraic function. The main goal is to give constructive (at least, in principle) conditions for $I(t)$ to be an algebraic function, a rational function, and ultimately an identical zero near infinity. This is done by relating the Monodromy group of the algebraic function $g$, the geometry of the integration curve $\gamma$, and the analytic properties of the Cauchy type integrals. The motivation for the study of these conditions is provided by the fact that certain Cauchy type integrals of algebraic functions appear in the infinitesimal versions of two classical open questions in Analytic Theory of Differential Equations: the Poincar\'e Center-Focus problem and the second part of the Hilbert 16-th problem.Comment: 58 pages, 19 figure

Non-unique factorization of polynomials over residue class rings of the integers

We investigate non-unique factorization of polynomials in Z_{p^n}[x] into irreducibles. As a Noetherian ring whose zero-divisors are contained in the Jacobson radical, Z_{p^n}[x] is atomic. We reduce the question of factoring arbitrary non-zero polynomials into irreducibles to the problem of factoring monic polynomials into monic irreducibles. The multiplicative monoid of monic polynomials of Z_{p^n}[x] is a direct sum of monoids corresponding to irreducible polynomials in Z_p[x], and we show that each of these monoids has infinite elasticity. Moreover, for every positive integer m, there exists in each of these monoids a product of 2 irreducibles that can also be represented as a product of m irreducibles.Comment: 11 page