21,966 research outputs found

    Validation of Voting Committees

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    This article contains a method to bound the test errors of voting committees with members chosen from a pool of trained classifiers. There are so many prospective committees that validating them directly does not achieve useful error bounds. Because there are fewer classifiers than prospective committees, it is better to validate the classifiers individually than use linear programming to infer committee error bounds. We test the method using credit card data. Also, we extend the method to infer bounds for classifiers in general

    Hampshire Authorised Validating Agency

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    Technique Integration for Requirements Assessment

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    In determining whether to permit a safety-critical software system to be certified and in performing independent verification and validation (IV&V) of safety- or mission-critical systems, the requirements traceability matrix (RTM) delivered by the developer must be assessed for accuracy. The current state of the practice is to perform this work manually, or with the help of general-purpose tools such as word processors and spreadsheets Such work is error-prone and person-power intensive. In this paper, we extend our prior work in application of Information Retrieval (IR) methods for candidate link generation to the problem of RTM accuracy assessment. We build voting committees from five IR methods, and use a variety of voting schemes to accept or reject links from given candidate RTMs. We report on the results of two experiments. In the first experiment, we used 25 candidate RTMs built by human analysts for a small tracing task involving a portion of a NASA scientific instrument specification. In the second experiment, we randomly seeded faults in the RTM for the entire specification. Results of the experiments are presented

    Access to higher education : Hampshire Authorised Validating Agency

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    Institutional review directorate : access to higher education : West and North Yorkshire Open College Network

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    Foreword

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    The demand for air conditioning keeps rising, especially in developing countries where the standard of living has improved. This results in an increased consumption of electricity and puts further pressure on the power grid. In Cuba, electricity is a scarce commodity and the electricity production relies heavily on fossil fuels, which causes high emissions. An alternative technology for producing cooling is thermally driven cooling where the installment of an absorption chiller could utilize waste heat from existing industries to provide cooling to buildings. Therefore, there are possibilities of lowering the amount of electricity needed for air conditioning. In this thesis, the potential of using waste heat from sugar mills in Cuba was investigated. The sugar industry is high water consuming and often produces large amounts of heated waste water that is rarely utilized. To collect the data needed for the investigation, a study visit was conducted at the sugar mill Carlos Baliño in Villa Clara, Cuba. Since the factory did not track water mass flows, calculations based on sugar concentrations and energy balances were used to determine the different water outlets. The identified excess water has a mass flow of 10 kg/s and a temperature of 96 °C, which is enough to supply the factory with cooling. The result of the investigation also showed that the mill could invest in thermally driven cooling with a payback time of between three to six seasons depending on the cost of the selected equipment. The energy savings per crushing season would be nearly 140 000 kWh which equals to financial savings of above 40 000 dollar per season. If the sugar mill Carlos Baliño would invest in an absorption chiller, the cooling supply would be unreliable because of the high number of production shutdowns. Before any possible implementation, the causes for the stops in production need to be further examined. The supply of cooling would otherwise have to rely on thermal energy storage of chilled water, which in such large quantities would be costly. The factory only produces waste heat during the crushing season, which lasts from December throughout April, but there is a cooling demand during the whole year, which means that alternative cooling methods for an off-season cooling supply would have to be investigated. The study concludes that thermally driven cooling would be very suitable for similar industries that also produce large amounts of heated excess water, but are operating all year around and have a more even production rate, both on a daily and seasonal basis.EfterfrÄgan pÄ luftkonditionering fortsÀtter att öka, speciellt i utvecklingslÀnder dÀr levnadsstandarden har förbÀttrats. En ökad efterfrÄgan pÄ luftkonditionering resulterar i en ökad anvÀndning av elektricitet, vilket i sin tur leder till en ökad belastning pÄ elnÀtet. PÄ Kuba Àr elektricitet en bristvara och elproduktionen Àr starkt beroende av fossila brÀnslen vilket leder till stora utslÀpp. En alternativ teknologi för att producera kyla Àr vÀrmedriven kyla dÀr en absorptionkylmaskin kan utnyttja spillvÀrme frÄn redan existerande industrier för att leverera kyla till byggnader. DÀrav finns det möjlighet att minska anvÀndandet av den elektricitet som behövs för att driva luftkonditioneringsapparater. I denna uppsats undersöks potentialen för att anvÀnda spillvÀrme frÄn sockerfabriker pÄ Kuba. Sockerindustrin konsumerar stora mÀngder vatten och producerar ofta betydande kvantiteter av uppvÀrmt eller förÄngat spillvatten som sÀllan utnyttjas. För att samla in de data som krÀvs för undersökningen genomfördes studiebesök pÄ fabriken Carlos Baliño i Villa Clara, Kuba. Eftersom vattenflöden inte mÀttes i fabriken baserades berÀkningarna pÄ sockerkoncentrationer och energibalanser för att faststÀlla utloppsflöden av vatten. Det identifierade spillvattnet har ett massflöde pÄ 10 kg/s och en temperatur pÄ 96 °C, vilket Àr tillrÀckligt för att förse fabriken med kyla. Resultatet av undersökningen visade ocksÄ att fabriken skulle kunna investera i vÀrmedriven kyla med en Äterbetalningstid pÄ mellan tre till sex sÀsonger beroende pÄ kostnaden för vald utrustning. Energibesparingarna per produktionssÀsong skulle bli nÀrmare 140 000 kWh vilket motsvaras av en ekonomisk besparing pÄ drygt 40 000 dollar per sÀsong. Om en absorptionskylmaskin skulle implementeras pÄ Carlos Baliño skulle leveransen av kyla vara osÀker pÄ grund av det höga antalet produktionsstopp i fabriken. Före en eventuell implementation mÄste orsakerna till stoppen undersökas, annars skulle kylningsmöjligheterna bero starkt pÄ termiska energilager av kallt vatten vilket i stora volymer kan bli kostsamt. Fabriken producerar endast spillvÀrme under produktionssÀsong vilket pÄgÄr frÄn december till och med april men kylbehovet existerar under hela Äret. Det betyder att alternativa kylmetoder behöver undersökas för att kylbehovet ska kunna tillgodoses Äret runt. Slutsatsen av studien Àr att vÀrmedriven kyla Àr en ytterst passande lösning för liknande industrier som ocksÄ ger upphov till stora mÀngder av varmt spillvatten men som producerar hela Äret och har en jÀmnare produktion, bÄde pÄ daglig basis och sÀsongsbasis

    Foreword

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