ECLSS advanced automation preliminary requirements

A description of the total Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) is presented. The description of the hardware is given in a top down format, the lowest level of which is a functional description of each candidate implementation. For each candidate implementation, both its advantages and disadvantages are presented. From this knowledge, it was suggested where expert systems could be used in the diagnosis and control of specific portions of the ECLSS. A process to determine if expert systems are applicable and how to select the expert system is also presented. The consideration of possible problems or inconsistencies in the knowledge or workings in the subsystems is described

Analysis of Canadian Tropospheric Ozone Measurements from Geostationary Orbit and An Assessment of Non-Coincident Limb-Nadir Matching for Measuring Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide

This thesis work attempts to improve the quality of surface-level pollutant concentrations retrieved from satellite-borne optical instruments. In the first part of the present work, an analysis is performed to determine potential benefits of implementing a different radiative transfer model than the one planned for retrieving Canadian tropospheric ozone concentrations with future measurements from the Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) optical instrument, planned to be launched in 2022 into geostationary orbit to measure tropospheric pollutants over the majority of North America. The plane-parallel Earth-atmosphere geometry assumption for multiple-scattered electromagnetic radiation in the planned radiative transfer model for the TEMPO ozone retrieval algorithm has minimal effect for heritage instruments that look at angles close to straight down and measure at local times where the Sun is far above the horizon. However, it is demonstrated in the present work for simulated TEMPO measurements over the Canadian Oil Sands that the retrieval error for a radiative transfer model with a plane-parallel geometry can reach approximately 15% at 13:00 local time, 25% in March or September near local sunrise, 50% in June near local sunrise, and 80% in December near local sunrise, while a radiative transfer model with a spherical geometry results in error up to an order of magnitude smaller in each case. Further work is required to assess the effects of the geometry assumptions on different orders of scattering and of measurement noise. In the second part of the present work, a novel method of estimating tropospheric NO2 pollution using non-coincident limb- and nadir-viewing instrument measurements is further assessed with a reanalysis using new datasets produced by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), the Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System (OSIRIS), and a photochemical box model, and an analysis using OSIRIS and the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). A bias is demonstrated in the current publicly available OSIRIS NO2 density profile data, leading to the development of an updated dataset that is shown to agree with a previously validated dataset within retrieval error bounds above the tropopause. The OSIRIS-OMI reanalysis demonstrates biases of up to 0.5*10^15 molecules/cm^2 due to the different photochemical box model input parameters and up to 0.2*10^15 molecules/cm^2 due to the use of the latest OMI NO2 dataset. The OSIRIS-TROPOMI analysis demonstrates a positive average bias of approximately 0.5*10^15 molecules/cm^2 in the limb-nadir matching with TROPOMI relative to that with OMI due to TROPOMI-OMI tropospheric and stratospheric NO2 column density biases. Error range estimates of photochemical box model input parameters and of different versions of OMI datasets, further analysis of local and yearly dependencies of OSIRIS-OMI limb-nadir matching biases, and further studies on latitudinal and seasonal dependencies of TROPOMI-OMI dataset biases are recommended for future work

New-generation NASA Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) volcanic SO2 dataset: Algorithm description, initial results, and continuation with the Suomi-NPP Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS)

Since the fall of 2004, the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) has been providing global monitoring of volcanic SO2 emissions, helping to understand their climate impacts and to mitigate aviation hazards. Here we introduce a new-generation OMI volcanic SO2 dataset based on a principal component analysis (PCA) retrieval technique. To reduce retrieval noise and artifacts as seen in the current operational linear fit (LF) algorithm, the new algorithm, OMSO2VOLCANO, uses characteristic features extracted directly from OMI radiances in the spectral fitting, thereby helping to minimize interferences from various geophysical processes (e.g., O3 absorption) and measurement details (e.g., wavelength shift). To solve the problem of low bias for large SO2 total columns in the LF product, the OMSO2VOLCANO algorithm employs a table lookup approach to estimate SO2 Jacobians (i.e., the instrument sensitivity to a perturbation in the SO2 column amount) and iteratively adjusts the spectral fitting window to exclude shorter wavelengths where the SO2 absorption signals are saturated. To first order, the effects of clouds and aerosols are accounted for using a simple Lambertian equivalent reflectivity approach. As with the LF algorithm, OMSO2VOLCANO provides total column retrievals based on a set of predefined SO2 profiles from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere, including a new profile peaked at 13 km for plumes in the upper troposphere. Examples given in this study indicate that the new dataset shows significant improvement over the LF product, with at least 50% reduction in retrieval noise over the remote Pacific. For large eruptions such as Kasatochi in 2008 (∼1700 kt total SO2/ and Sierra Negra in 2005 (\u3e 1100DU maximum SO2/, OMSO2VOLCANO generally agrees well with other algorithms that also utilize the full spectral content of satellite measurements, while the LF algorithm tends to underestimate SO2. We also demonstrate that, despite the coarser spatial and spectral resolution of the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi-NPP) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) instrument, application of the new PCA algorithm to OMPS data produces highly consistent retrievals between OMI and OMPS. The new PCA algorithm is therefore capable of continuing the volcanic SO2 data record well into the future using current and future hyperspectral UV satellite instruments

The recording industry and 'regional' culture in Indonesia : the case of Minangkabau

This book explores chronologically, for the first time, the representation and redefinition of Indonesia__s regional cultures through recording media, from the introduction of the gramophone record through the current video compact disc (VCD) era, taking as case study the Minangkabau ethnic group. Based on extensive fieldwork and historical research, the author follows the Dutch East Indies colonial society__s initial encounter with recording media and the later adoption and social uses of various types of recording media among the Minangkabau of West Sumatra and its diaspora. The transformation of Minangkabau culture and identity that came with the extensive reproduction of Minangkabau cultural sounds on commercial recordings is examined. This transformation was facilitated by the West Sumatran recording industry, founded in the early 1970s along with the spread of the audio-cassette in Indonesia. The author describes the workings of the West Sumatran recording industry and how its products become the preferred medium of cultural expressions of the Minangkabau ethnic group to hold on to its identity and existence in the face of a changing world. The representations of Minangkabau culture in regional commercial recordings explored in this study demonstrate the use of recording media technology by a local society to contextualize and maintain the viability and existence of their culture and identity, whose features are changing, adaptive, and fluidUBL - phd migration 201

CEOS Intercalibration of Ground-Based Spectrometers and Lidars: Contract Change Notice 2012-2013: Final Report

This document is the final report of the Intercalibration of ground-based spectrometers and Lidars - Extension 2012-2013. It summarizes the activities performed in the period from November 2012 until December 2013 and the main results obtained

Foveated Sampling Architectures for CMOS Image Sensors

Electronic imaging technologies are faced with the challenge of power consumption when transmitting large amounts of image data from the acquisition imager to the display or processing devices. This is especially a concern for portable applications, and becomes more prominent in increasingly high-resolution, high-frame rate imagers. Therefore, new sampling techniques are needed to minimize transmitted data, while maximizing the conveyed image information. From this point of view, two approaches have been proposed and implemented in this thesis: A system-level approach, in which the classical 1D row sampling CMOS imager is modified to a 2D ring sampling pyramidal architecture, using the same standard three transistor (3T) active pixel sensor (APS). A device-level approach, in which the classical orthogonal architecture has been preserved while altering the APS device structure, to design an expandable multiresolution image sensor. A new scanning scheme has been suggested for the pyramidal image sensor, resulting in an intrascene foveated dynamic range (FDR) similar in profile to that of the human eye. In this scheme, the inner rings of the imager have a higher dynamic range than the outer rings. The pyramidal imager transmits the sampled image through 8 parallel output channels, allowing higher frame rates. The human eye is known to have less sensitivity to oblique contrast. Using this fact on the typical oblique distribution of fixed pattern noise, we demonstrate lower perception of this noise than the orthogonal FPN distribution of classical CMOS imagers. The multiresolution image sensor principle is based on averaging regions of low interest from frame-sampled image kernels. One pixel is read from each kernel while keeping pixels in the region of interest at their high resolution. This significantly reduces the transferred data and increases the frame rate. Such architecture allows for programmability and expandability of multiresolution imaging applications

Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes (supplement 317)

This bibliography lists 182 reports, articles and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in November, 1988

Proceedings of the 2017 Coal Operators\u27 Conference

Proceedings of the 2017 Coal Operators\u27 Conference. All papers in these proceedings are peer reviewed. ISBN: 978174128261