1,043 research outputs found
Implementation and Evaluation of a Cooperative Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Safety Application
While the development of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) safety applications based
on Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) has been extensively undergoing
standardization for more than a decade, such applications are extremely missing
for Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs). Nonexistence of collaborative systems between
VRUs and vehicles was the main reason for this lack of attention. Recent
developments in Wi-Fi Direct and DSRC-enabled smartphones are changing this
perspective. Leveraging the existing V2V platforms, we propose a new framework
using a DSRC-enabled smartphone to extend safety benefits to VRUs. The
interoperability of applications between vehicles and portable DSRC enabled
devices is achieved through the SAE J2735 Personal Safety Message (PSM).
However, considering the fact that VRU movement dynamics, response times, and
crash scenarios are fundamentally different from vehicles, a specific framework
should be designed for VRU safety applications to study their performance. In
this article, we first propose an end-to-end Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P)
framework to provide situational awareness and hazard detection based on the
most common and injury-prone crash scenarios. The details of our VRU safety
module, including target classification and collision detection algorithms, are
explained next. Furthermore, we propose and evaluate a mitigating solution for
congestion and power consumption issues in such systems. Finally, the whole
system is implemented and analyzed for realistic crash scenarios
Cooperative Passive Coherent Location: A Promising 5G Service to Support Road Safety
5G promises many new vertical service areas beyond simple communication and
data transfer. We propose CPCL (cooperative passive coherent location), a
distributed MIMO radar service, which can be offered by mobile radio network
operators as a service for public user groups. CPCL comes as an inherent part
of the radio network and takes advantage of the most important key features
proposed for 5G. It extends the well-known idea of passive radar (also known as
passive coherent location, PCL) by introducing cooperative principles. These
range from cooperative, synchronous radio signaling, and MAC up to radar data
fusion on sensor and scenario levels. By using software-defined radio and
network paradigms, as well as real-time mobile edge computing facilities
intended for 5G, CPCL promises to become a ubiquitous radar service which may
be adaptive, reconfigurable, and perhaps cognitive. As CPCL makes double use of
radio resources (both in terms of frequency bands and hardware), it can be
considered a green technology. Although we introduce the CPCL idea from the
viewpoint of vehicle-to-vehicle/infrastructure (V2X) communication, it can
definitely also be applied to many other applications in industry, transport,
logistics, and for safety and security applications
Cooperative Perception for Social Driving in Connected Vehicle Traffic
The development of autonomous vehicle technology has moved to the center of automotive research in recent decades. In the foreseeable future, road vehicles at all levels of automation and connectivity will be required to operate safely in a hybrid traffic where human operated vehicles (HOVs) and fully and semi-autonomous vehicles (AVs) coexist. Having an accurate and reliable perception of the road is an important requirement for achieving this objective. This dissertation addresses some of the associated challenges via developing a human-like social driver model and devising a decentralized cooperative perception framework.
A human-like driver model can aid the development of AVs by building an understanding of interactions among human drivers and AVs in a hybrid traffic, therefore facilitating an efficient and safe integration. The presented social driver model categorizes and defines the driver\u27s psychological decision factors in mathematical representations (target force, object force, and lane force). A model predictive control (MPC) is then employed for the motion planning by evaluating the prevailing social forces and considering the kinematics of the controlled vehicle as well as other operating constraints to ensure a safe maneuver in a way that mimics the predictive nature of the human driver\u27s decision making process. A hierarchical model predictive control structure is also proposed, where an additional upper level controller aggregates the social forces over a longer prediction horizon upon the availability of an extended perception of the upcoming traffic via vehicular networking. Based on the prediction of the upper level controller, a sequence of reference lanes is passed to a lower level controller to track while avoiding local obstacles. This hierarchical scheme helps reduce unnecessary lane changes resulting in smoother maneuvers.
The dynamic vehicular communication environment requires a robust framework that must consistently evaluate and exploit the set of communicated information for the purpose of improving the perception of a participating vehicle beyond the limitations. This dissertation presents a decentralized cooperative perception framework that considers uncertainties in traffic measurements and allows scalability (for various settings of traffic density, participation rate, etc.). The framework utilizes a Bhattacharyya distance filter (BDF) for data association and a fast covariance intersection fusion scheme (FCI) for the data fusion processes. The conservatism of the covariance intersection fusion scheme is investigated in comparison to the traditional Kalman filter (KF), and two different fusion architectures: sensor-to-sensor and sensor-to-system track fusion are evaluated.
The performance of the overall proposed framework is demonstrated via Monte Carlo simulations with a set of empirical communications models and traffic microsimulations where each connected vehicle asynchronously broadcasts its local perception consisting of estimates of the motion states of self and neighboring vehicles along with the corresponding uncertainty measures of the estimates. The evaluated framework includes a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication model that considers intermittent communications as well as a model that takes into account dynamic changes in an individual vehicle’s sensors’ FoV in accordance with the prevailing traffic conditions. The results show the presence of optimality in participation rate, where increasing participation rate beyond a certain level adversely affects the delay in packet delivery and the computational complexity in data association and fusion processes increase without a significant improvement in the achieved accuracy via the cooperative perception.
In a highly dense traffic environment, the vehicular network can often be congested leading to limited bandwidth availability at high participation rates of the connected vehicles in the cooperative perception scheme. To alleviate the bandwidth utilization issues, an information-value discriminating networking scheme is proposed, where each sender broadcasts selectively chosen perception data based on the novelty-value of information. The potential benefits of these approaches include, but are not limited to, the reduction of bandwidth bottle-necking and the minimization of the computational cost of data association and fusion post processing of the shared perception data at receiving nodes. It is argued that the proposed information-value discriminating communication scheme can alleviate these adverse effects without sacrificing the fidelity of the perception
An Agent-based Modelling Framework for Driving Policy Learning in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles
Due to the complexity of the natural world, a programmer cannot foresee all
possible situations, a connected and autonomous vehicle (CAV) will face during
its operation, and hence, CAVs will need to learn to make decisions
autonomously. Due to the sensing of its surroundings and information exchanged
with other vehicles and road infrastructure, a CAV will have access to large
amounts of useful data. While different control algorithms have been proposed
for CAVs, the benefits brought about by connectedness of autonomous vehicles to
other vehicles and to the infrastructure, and its implications on policy
learning has not been investigated in literature. This paper investigates a
data driven driving policy learning framework through an agent-based modelling
approaches. The contributions of the paper are two-fold. A dynamic programming
framework is proposed for in-vehicle policy learning with and without
connectivity to neighboring vehicles. The simulation results indicate that
while a CAV can learn to make autonomous decisions, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
communication of information improves this capability. Furthermore, to overcome
the limitations of sensing in a CAV, the paper proposes a novel concept for
infrastructure-led policy learning and communication with autonomous vehicles.
In infrastructure-led policy learning, road-side infrastructure senses and
captures successful vehicle maneuvers and learns an optimal policy from those
temporal sequences, and when a vehicle approaches the road-side unit, the
policy is communicated to the CAV. Deep-imitation learning methodology is
proposed to develop such an infrastructure-led policy learning framework
Development and verification of cooperative adaptive cruise control via LTE-V
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the publisher via the DOI in this recordIn this paper, we present a testbed platform for realizing cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) enabled by LTE-V (LTE-vehicle). The platform is developed on a platoon of vehicles, each of which is equipped with a suite of on-board sensing and computing devices for environment perception and automated vehicle control, as well as an LTE-V transceiver for high-performance vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. The hardware architecture and software architecture, especially the perception and control methods, of the platform are described. Field experiments in different road conditions are conducted to verify the feasibility of our platform. The results also show the potential of V2V communications via LTE-V in terms of improving the sensing capability of individual vehicle’s on-board sensors.National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaFundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesShanghai Yangfan ProgramEuropean Union Horizon 202
Fifth-Generation Technologies for the Connected Car:Capable Systems for Vehicle-to-Anything Communications
Two strong technology trends, one in the mobile communications industry and the other in the automotive industry, are becoming interwoven and will jointly provide new capabilities and functionality for upcoming intelligent transport systems (ITSs) and future driving. The automotive industry is on a path where vehicles are continuously becoming more aware of their environment due to the addition of various types of integrated sensors. At the same time, the amount of automation in vehicles increases, which, with some intermediate steps, will eventually culminate in fully automated driving without human intervention. Along this path, the amount of interactions rises, both in-between vehicles and between vehicles and other road users, and with an increasingly intelligent road infrastructure. As a consequence, the significance and reliance on capable communication systems for vehicleto-anything (V2X) communication is becoming a key asset that will enhance the performance of automated driving and increase further road traffic safety with combination of sensor-based technologies [1]
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