Tea Verification Using Triplet Loss Convolutional Network

To solve tea image classification problems, this study focuses on triplet loss convolutional neural network to classify six high-mountain oolong tea classes. In the experiment, instead of using traditional deep learning training approach for local feature of tea images, an innovative image verification approach is proposed to learn the global feature of tea images by integrating the distributed tea leaves’ features of all tea sub-images and using a majority voting mechanism to do classification. The results show that the proposed approach can work for small sample size dataset and have higher accuracy than normal transfer learning approach. The average accuracy of the proposed approach achieves 99.54%

Ganoderma boninense classification based on near-infrared spectral data using machine learning techniques

Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense) infection reduces the productivity of oil palms and causes a severe threat to the palm oil industry. Early detection of G. boninense is vital since there is no effective treatment to stop the continuing spread of the disease unless ergosterol, a biomarker of G. boninense can be detected. There is yet a non-destructive and in-situ technique explored to detect ergosterol. Capability of NIR to detect few biomarkers such as mycotoxin and zearalenone (ZEN) has been proven to pave the way an effort to explore NIR’s sensitivity towards detecting ergosterol, as discussed in this paper. A compact hand-held NIR with a measurement range of 900–1700 nm is utilized by scanning the leaves of three oil palm seedlings inoculated with G. boninense while the other three were non-inoculated from 16-weeks-old to 32-weeks-old. Significant changes of spectral reflectance have been notified occur at the wavelength of ~1450 nm which reflectance of infected sample is higher 0.2–0.4 than healthy sample which 0.1–0.19. The diminishing of the spectral curve at approximately 1450 nm is strongly suspected to happened due to the loss of water content from the leaves since G. boninense attacks the roots and causes the disruption of water supply to the other part of plant. However, a few overlapped NIRs’ spectral data between healthy and infected samples require for further validation which chemometric and machine learning (ML) classification technique are chosen. It is found the spectra of healthy samples are scattered on the negative sides of PC-1 while infected samples tend to be on a positive side with large loading coefficients marked significant discriminatory effect on healthy and infected samples at the wavelength of 1310 and 1452 nm. A PLS regression is used on NIR spectra to implement the prediction of ergosterol concentration which shows good corelation of R = 0.861 between the ergosterol concentration and oil palm NIR spectra. Four different ML algorithms are tested for prediction of G. boninense infection: K-Nearest Neighbour (kNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Decision Tree (DT) are tested which depicted DT algorithm achieves a satisfactory overall performance with high accuracy up to 93.1% and F1-score of 92.6% compared to other algorithms. High accuracy shows the capability of the classification model to correctly predict the G. boninense detection while high F1-score indicates that the classification is able to validate the detection of G. boninense correctly with low misclassification rate. The result represents a significant step in the development of a nondestructive and in-situ detection system which validated by both chemometric and machine learning (ML) classification technique

Terahertz sensing analysis for early detection of ganoderma boninense disease using near infrared (NIR) spectrometer

Ganoderma boninense (G. boninense) infection reduces the productivity of oil palms and causes a significant impact on the economic viability of oil palm plantations. Early detection is critical for the effective management of this disease since there is no effective treatment that can stop the spread of this disease. The proposed system uses integrated hand-held near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for early detection of G. boninense on asymptomatic oil palm seedlings and classification of spectral data using machine learning (ML) techniques. The non-destructive method using NIRS with ML and predictive analytics has the potential to be a highly sensitive and reliable method for the early detection of G. boninense. Spectral data are collected from 6 samples of inoculated and non-inoculated oil palm samples at nursery stages using an integrated NIRS sensor. Chemometrics is performed by implementing principal component analysis (PCA), derivatives and partial least square (PLS) regression to extract the vital information of the spectra. The significant wavelengths are at 1310 nm and 1450 nm which are attributable to ergosterol and water content, respectively. Furthermore, the SG derivatives spectra peaks corresponded to specific functional groups that could be utilized for the detection of G. boninense. These functional groups encompass the third overtone of N-H stretching, the second overtone of C-H stretching, and a combination band involving both C-H stretching and O-H stretching. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis is performed to identify the ergosterol content in oil palm sample. Ergosterol can be used as a biomarker for the detection of G. boninense since it can only be found in the fungal-infested plant. In classification, four different ML algorithms: K-Nearest Neighbour (kNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Decision Tree (DT) are tested to classify healthy and infected oil palm samples. DT algorithm on leaves spectra achieves a satisfactory overall performance compared to the other classifiers with high accuracy up to 93.1% and an F1-score of 92.6%. Therefore, a DT-based predictive analytic on leaves NIR spectral reference data is developed for real-time detection of G. boninense infection. A portable smart G. boninense detection system prototype is developed by implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) into the system which enables the integration of sensors and server to perform prediction of healthy or infected oil palm seedlings. This working prototype showed that this proposed approach is reliable and practical for the early detection of G. boninense in oil palm seedlings

Advances in Image Processing, Analysis and Recognition Technology

For many decades, researchers have been trying to make computers’ analysis of images as effective as the system of human vision is. For this purpose, many algorithms and systems have previously been created. The whole process covers various stages, including image processing, representation and recognition. The results of this work can be applied to many computer-assisted areas of everyday life. They improve particular activities and provide handy tools, which are sometimes only for entertainment, but quite often, they significantly increase our safety. In fact, the practical implementation of image processing algorithms is particularly wide. Moreover, the rapid growth of computational complexity and computer efficiency has allowed for the development of more sophisticated and effective algorithms and tools. Although significant progress has been made so far, many issues still remain, resulting in the need for the development of novel approaches

Remote Sensing for Precision Nitrogen Management

This book focuses on the fundamental and applied research of the non-destructive estimation and diagnosis of crop leaf and plant nitrogen status and in-season nitrogen management strategies based on leaf sensors, proximal canopy sensors, unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing, manned aerial remote sensing and satellite remote sensing technologies. Statistical and machine learning methods are used to predict plant-nitrogen-related parameters with sensor data or sensor data together with soil, landscape, weather and/or management information. Different sensing technologies or different modelling approaches are compared and evaluated. Strategies are developed to use crop sensing data for in-season nitrogen recommendations to improve nitrogen use efficiency and protect the environment

Advanced machine learning models for online travel-time prediction on freeways

The objective of the research described in this dissertation is to improve the travel-time prediction process using machine learning methods for the Advanced Traffic In-formation Systems (ATIS). Travel-time prediction has gained significance over the years especially in urban areas due to increasing traffic congestion. The increased demand of the traffic flow has motivated the need for development of improved applications and frameworks, which could alleviate the problems arising due to traffic flow, without the need of addition to the roadway infrastructure. In this thesis, the basic building blocks of the travel-time prediction models are discussed, with a review of the significant prior art. The problem of travel-time prediction was addressed by different perspectives in the past. Mainly the data-driven approach and the traffic flow modeling approach are the two main paths adopted viz. a viz. travel-time prediction from the methodology perspective. This dissertation, works towards the im-provement of the data-driven method. The data-driven model, presented in this dissertation, for the travel-time predic-tion on freeways was based on wavelet packet decomposition and support vector regres-sion (WPSVR), which uses the multi-resolution and equivalent frequency distribution ability of the wavelet transform to train the support vector machines. The results are compared against the classical support vector regression (SVR) method. Our results indi-cate that the wavelet reconstructed coefficients when used as an input to the support vec-tor machine for regression (WPSVR) give better performance (with selected wavelets on-ly), when compared against the support vector regression (without wavelet decomposi-tion). The data used in the model is downloaded from California Department of Trans-portation (Caltrans) of District 12 with a detector density of 2.73, experiencing daily peak hours except most weekends. The data was stored for a period of 214 days accumulated over 5 minute intervals over a distance of 9.13 miles. The results indicate an improvement in accuracy when compared against the classical SVR method. The basic criteria for selection of wavelet basis for preprocessing the inputs of support vector machines are also explored to filter the set of wavelet families for the WDSVR model. Finally, a configuration of travel-time prediction on freeways is present-ed with interchangeable prediction methods along with the details of the Matlab applica-tion used to implement the WPSVR algorithm. The initial results are computed over the set of 42 wavelets. To reduce the compu-tational cost involved in transforming the travel-time data into the set of wavelet packets using all possible mother wavelets available, a methodology of filtering the wavelets is devised, which measures the cross-correlation and redundancy properties of consecutive wavelet transformed values of same frequency band. An alternate configuration of travel-time prediction on freeways using the con-cepts of cloud computation is also presented, which has the ability to interchange the pre-diction modules with an alternate method using the same time-series data. Finally, a graphical user interface is described to connect the Matlab environment with the Caltrans data server for online travel-time prediction using both SVR and WPSVR modules and display the errors and plots of predicted values for both methods. The GUI also has the ability to compute forecast of custom travel-time data in the offline mode.Ph.D

Intelligent Circuits and Systems

ICICS-2020 is the third conference initiated by the School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering at Lovely Professional University that explored recent innovations of researchers working for the development of smart and green technologies in the fields of Energy, Electronics, Communications, Computers, and Control. ICICS provides innovators to identify new opportunities for the social and economic benefits of society.　 This conference bridges the gap between academics and R&D institutions, social visionaries, and experts from all strata of society to present their ongoing research activities and foster research relations between them. It provides opportunities for the exchange of new ideas, applications, and experiences in the field of smart technologies and finding global partners for future collaboration. The ICICS-2020 was conducted in two broad categories, Intelligent Circuits & Intelligent Systems and Emerging Technologies in Electrical Engineering

Remote Sensing of Natural Hazards

Each year, natural hazards such as earthquakes, cyclones, flooding, landslides, wildfires, avalanches, volcanic eruption, extreme temperatures, storm surges, drought, etc., result in widespread loss of life, livelihood, and critical infrastructure globally. With the unprecedented growth of the human population, largescale development activities, and changes to the natural environment, the frequency and intensity of extreme natural events and consequent impacts are expected to increase in the future.Technological interventions provide essential provisions for the prevention and mitigation of natural hazards. The data obtained through remote sensing systems with varied spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions particularly provide prospects for furthering knowledge on spatiotemporal patterns and forecasting of natural hazards. The collection of data using earth observation systems has been valuable for alleviating the adverse effects of natural hazards, especially with their near real-time capabilities for tracking extreme natural events. Remote sensing systems from different platforms also serve as an important decision-support tool for devising response strategies, coordinating rescue operations, and making damage and loss estimations.With these in mind, this book seeks original contributions to the advanced applications of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques in understanding various dimensions of natural hazards through new theory, data products, and robust approaches

Effects of errorless learning on the acquisition of velopharyngeal movement control

Session 1pSC - Speech Communication: Cross-Linguistic Studies of Speech Sound Learning of the Languages of Hong Kong (Poster Session)The implicit motor learning literature suggests a benefit for learning if errors are minimized during practice. This study investigated whether the same principle holds for learning velopharyngeal movement control. Normal speaking participants learned to produce hypernasal speech in either an errorless learning condition (in which the possibility for errors was limited) or an errorful learning condition (in which the possibility for errors was not limited). Nasality level of the participants’ speech was measured by nasometer and reflected by nasalance scores (in %). Errorless learners practiced producing hypernasal speech with a threshold nasalance score of 10% at the beginning, which gradually increased to a threshold of 50% at the end. The same set of threshold targets were presented to errorful learners but in a reversed order. Errors were defined by the proportion of speech with a nasalance score below the threshold. The results showed that, relative to errorful learners, errorless learners displayed fewer errors (50.7% vs. 17.7%) and a higher mean nasalance score (31.3% vs. 46.7%) during the acquisition phase. Furthermore, errorless learners outperformed errorful learners in both retention and novel transfer tests. Acknowledgment: Supported by The University of Hong Kong Strategic Research Theme for Sciences of Learning © 2012 Acoustical Society of Americapublished_or_final_versio