On the use of biased-randomized algorithms for solving non-smooth optimization problems

Soft constraints are quite common in real-life applications. For example, in freight transportation, the fleet size can be enlarged by outsourcing part of the distribution service and some deliveries to customers can be postponed as well; in inventory management, it is possible to consider stock-outs generated by unexpected demands; and in manufacturing processes and project management, it is frequent that some deadlines cannot be met due to delays in critical steps of the supply chain. However, capacity-, size-, and time-related limitations are included in many optimization problems as hard constraints, while it would be usually more realistic to consider them as soft ones, i.e., they can be violated to some extent by incurring a penalty cost. Most of the times, this penalty cost will be nonlinear and even noncontinuous, which might transform the objective function into a non-smooth one. Despite its many practical applications, non-smooth optimization problems are quite challenging, especially when the underlying optimization problem is NP-hard in nature. In this paper, we propose the use of biased-randomized algorithms as an effective methodology to cope with NP-hard and non-smooth optimization problems in many practical applications. Biased-randomized algorithms extend constructive heuristics by introducing a nonuniform randomization pattern into them. Hence, they can be used to explore promising areas of the solution space without the limitations of gradient-based approaches, which assume the existence of smooth objective functions. Moreover, biased-randomized algorithms can be easily parallelized, thus employing short computing times while exploring a large number of promising regions. This paper discusses these concepts in detail, reviews existing work in different application areas, and highlights current trends and open research lines

Short- and mid-term evaluation of the use of electric vehicles in urban freight transport collaborative networks: a case study

Despite its negative impacts, freight transportation is a primary component of all supply chains. Decision makers have considered diverse strategies, such as Horizontal Collaboration (HC) and the usage of alternative types of vehicles, to reduce overall cost and the related environmental and social impacts. This paper assesses the implementation of an electric fleet of vehicles in urban goods distribution under HC strategy between carriers. A biased randomisation based algorithm is used to solve the problem with a multi-objective function to explore the relationships between both delivery and environmental costs. Real data from the city of Bogota, Colombia are used to validate this approach. Experiments with different costs and demands projections are performed to analyse short- and medium-term impacts related to the usage of electric vehicles in collaborative networks. Results show that the optimal selection of vehicle types depends considerably on the time horizon evaluation and demand variation.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (TRA2013-48180-C3-P and TRA2015-71883-REDT) and the Ibero-American Program for Science and Technology for Development (CYTED2014-515RT0489). Likewise, we want to acknowledge the support received by the Special Patrimonial Fund from Universidad de La Sabana (Colombia) and the doctoral grant from the UOC-Open University of Catalonia (Spain)

Supply chain resilience in the face of uncertainty: how horizontal and vertical collaboration can help?

Purpose The COVID-19 outbreak highlights that many supply chains are exposed to unforeseen disruptions, that risks are unavoidable, and that the international nature of supply chains can seriously disrupt normal operations. Therefore, the need for Supply Chain Resilience (SCRES) is more imperative than ever. Furthermore, collaboration in supply chains may have benefitted the response to the COVID-19 outbreak. The aim of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of how collaboration with both types of horizontal and vertical collaboration in the supply chain affects its resilience. Design/methodology/approach A thematic analysis of the literature is used to investigate the concepts of both vertical and horizontal collaboration and supply chain resilience separately, then integrating identified themes to understand the relationship between them through a thematic map. Findings The thematic analysis indicates that the more firms collaborate in the supply chain, the more resilient they will be. Furthermore, both horizontal and vertical collaboration between supply chain partners will enhance resilience. This relationship is positively moderated by governance in the partnership and negatively moderated by competition in the partnership. Originality/value This is one of the first papers to provide in-depth insights into how collaboration, with both types of horizontal and vertical collaboration, affects supply chain resilience. Neither of previous articles provide an understanding of how both types of collaboration enables supply chain resilience

Role of collaborative resource sharing in supply chain recovery during disruptions : a systematic literature review

The COVID-19 crisis has attracted attention worldwide to the supply chain disruptions and resilience. Several supply chain risk management approaches have been revisited or reapplied such as collaborative resource sharing. This study aimed to investigate the current academic state of art and advances in using collaborative resources sharing as a reactive method to facilitate supply chain recovery in the presence of disruptive events. More specifically we considered the role of different collaborative resource sharing strategies that organizations can adopt to support supply chain functionalities during times of disruption. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to analyze academic articles that were published online from 2000 to 2022. In order to analyze the literature, we adopted a combination of text-mining, automatic and manual categorization of selected articles, and exploratory analyses such as cluster analysis and relational indicators. We also consider the machine learning classification algorithm i.e. agglomerative hierarchical clustering for the categorization of clusters. The findings show that, for disruptive risks, collaborative sharing of labour and material resources are effective for the recovery of supply chains. More so, labour resources tend to contribute more to the recovery of supply chains. Whilst information resources and a mix of information and material resources are highly important in reducing the impact of COVID-19 disruptive supply chain risk. In conclusion, collaborating on the three resources, namely labour, material, and information resources can be an effective post-disruption recovery strategy for supply chains

Simheuristics to support efficient and sustainable freight transportation in smart city logistics

La logística urbana intel·ligent constitueix un factor crucial en la creació de sistemes de transport urbà eficients i sostenibles. Entre altres factors, aquests sistemes es centren en la incorporació de dades en temps real i en la creació de models de negoci col·laboratius en el transport urbà de mercaderies, considerant l’augment dels habitants en les ciutats, la creixent complexitat de les demandes dels clients i els mercats altament competitius. Això permet als que planifiquen el transport minimitzar els costos monetaris i ambientals del transport de mercaderies a les àrees metropolitanes. Molts problemes de presa de decisions en aquest context es poden formular com a problemes d’optimació combinatòria. Tot i que hi ha diferents enfocaments de resolució exacta per a trobar solucions òptimes a aquests problemes, la seva complexitat i grandària, a més de la necessitat de prendre decisions instantànies pel que fa a l’encaminament de vehicles, la programació o la situació d’instal·lacions, fa que aquestes metodologies no s’apliquin a la pràctica. A causa de la seva capacitat per a trobar solucions pseudoòptimes en gairebé temps real, els algorismes metaheurístics reben una atenció creixent dels investigadors i professionals com a alternatives eficients i fiables per a resoldre nombrosos problemes d’optimació en la creació de la logística de les ciutats intel·ligents. Malgrat el seu èxit, les tècniques metaheurístiques tradicionals no representen plenament la complexitat dels sistemes més realistes. En assumir entrades (inputs) i restriccions de problemes deterministes, la incertesa i el dinamisme experimentats en els escenaris de transport urbà queden sense explicar. Els algorismes simheurístics persegueixen superar aquests inconvenients mitjançant la integració de qualsevol tipus de simulació en processos metaheurístics per a explicar la incertesa inherent a la majoria de les aplicacions de la vida real. Aquesta tesi defineix i investiga l’ús d’algorismes simheurístics com el mètode més adequat per a resoldre problemes d’optimació derivats de la logística de les ciutats. Alguns algorismes simheurístics s’apliquen a una sèrie de problemes complexos, com la recollida de residus urbans, els problemes de disseny de la cadena de subministrament integrada i els models de transport innovadors relacionats amb la col·laboració horitzontal entre els socis de la cadena de subministrament. A més de les discussions metodològiques i la comparació d’algorismes desenvolupats amb els referents de la bibliografia acadèmica, es mostra l’aplicabilitat i l’eficiència dels algorismes simheurístics en diferents casos de gran escala.Las actividades de logística en ciudades inteligentes constituyen un factor crucial en la creación de sistemas de transporte urbano eficientes y sostenibles. Entre otros factores, estos sistemas se centran en la incorporación de datos en tiempo real y la creación de modelos empresariales colaborativos en el transporte urbano de mercancías, al tiempo que consideran el aumento del número de habitantes en las ciudades, la creciente complejidad de las demandas de los clientes y los mercados altamente competitivos. Esto permite minimizar los costes monetarios y ambientales del transporte de mercancías en las áreas metropolitanas. Muchos de los problemas de toma de decisiones en este contexto se pueden formular como problemas de optimización combinatoria. Si bien existen diferentes enfoques de resolución exacta para encontrar soluciones óptimas a tales problemas, su complejidad y tamaño, además de la necesidad de tomar decisiones instantáneas con respecto al enrutamiento, la programación o la ubicación de las instalaciones, hacen que dichas metodologías sean inaplicables en la práctica. Debido a su capacidad para encontrar soluciones pseudoóptimas casi en tiempo real, los algoritmos metaheurísticos reciben cada vez más atención por parte de investigadores y profesionales como alternativas eficientes y fiables para resolver numerosos problemas de optimización en la creación de la logística de ciudades inteligentes. A pesar de su éxito, las técnicas metaheurísticas tradicionales no representan completamente la complejidad de los sistemas más realistas. Al asumir insumos y restricciones de problemas deterministas, se ignora la incertidumbre y el dinamismo experimentados en los escenarios de transporte urbano. Los algoritmos simheurísticos persiguen superar estos inconvenientes integrando cualquier tipo de simulación en procesos metaheurísticos con el fin de considerar la incertidumbre inherente en la mayoría de las aplicaciones de la vida real. Esta tesis define e investiga el uso de algoritmos simheurísticos como método adecuado para resolver problemas de optimización que surgen en la logística de ciudades inteligentes. Se aplican algoritmos simheurísticos a una variedad de problemas complejos, incluyendo la recolección de residuos urbanos, problemas de diseño de la cadena de suministro integrada y modelos de transporte innovadores relacionados con la colaboración horizontal entre los socios de la cadena de suministro. Además de las discusiones metodológicas y la comparación de los algoritmos desarrollados con los de referencia de la bibliografía académica, se muestra la aplicabilidad y la eficiencia de los algoritmos simheurísticos en diferentes estudios de casos a gran escala.Smart city logistics are a crucial factor in the creation of efficient and sustainable urban transportation systems. Among other factors, they focus on incorporating real-time data and creating collaborative business models in urban freight transportation concepts, whilst also considering rising urban population numbers, increasingly complex customer demands, and highly competitive markets. This allows transportation planners to minimize the monetary and environmental costs of freight transportation in metropolitan areas. Many decision-making problems faced in this context can be formulated as combinatorial optimization problems. While different exact solving approaches exist to find optimal solutions to such problems, their complexity and size, in addition to the need for instantaneous decision-making regarding vehicle routing, scheduling, or facility location, make such methodologies inapplicable in practice. Due to their ability to find pseudo-optimal solutions in almost real time, metaheuristic algorithms have received increasing attention from researchers and practitioners as efficient and reliable alternatives in solving numerous optimization problems in the creation of smart city logistics. Despite their success, traditional metaheuristic techniques fail to fully represent the complexity of most realistic systems. By assuming deterministic problem inputs and constraints, the uncertainty and dynamism experienced in urban transportation scenarios are left unaccounted for. Simheuristic frameworks try to overcome these drawbacks by integrating any type of simulation into metaheuristic-driven processes to account for the inherent uncertainty in most real-life applications. This thesis defines and investigates the use of simheuristics as a method of first resort for solving optimization problems arising in smart city logistics concepts. Simheuristic algorithms are applied to a range of complex problem settings including urban waste collection, integrated supply chain design, and innovative transportation models related to horizontal collaboration among supply chain partners. In addition to methodological discussions and the comparison of developed algorithms to state-of-the-art benchmarks found in the academic literature, the applicability and efficiency of simheuristic frameworks in different large-scaled case studies are shown

Applications of simheuristics and horizontal cooperation concepts in rich vehicle routing problems

En una economia globalitzada, les companyies s’enfronten a nombrosos reptes associats a les complexes tasques de logística i distribució. Gràcies al desenvolupament de les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació, els clients es troben en qualsevol part del món, però també els competidors. Per tant, les companyies necessiten ser més competitives, cosa que implica eficiència econòmica i sostenibilitat. Una estratègia que les firmes poden seguir per a ser més competitives és la cooperació horitzontal, que genera economies d’escala, increment en la utilització de recursos i reducció de costos. Molts d’aquests reptes en logística i transport, així com algunes estratègies de cooperació horitzontal, es poden abordar mitjançant diferents variants del conegut problema d’encaminament de vehicles (VRP). Malgrat que el VRP ha estat àmpliament estudiat, la majoria dels treballs publicats corresponen a versions massa simplificades de la realitat. Per a omplir aquest buit entre la teoria i les aplicacions de la vida real, fa poc que ha sorgit el concepte de problemes «enriquits» d’encaminament de vehicles (RVRP). Per tant, es necessiten nous mètodes de solució per a resoldre eficientment nous RVRP, així com per a quantificar els beneficis generats per la implementació d’estratègies de cooperació horitzontal en aplicacions reals, de manera que es puguin fer servir com a suport per a la presa de decisions. Per a abordar aquesta varietat de problemes es proposen diferents metaheurístiques basades en aleatorització esbiaixada. Aquests mètodes es combinen amb simulació (fet que es coneix com simheurístiques) per a resoldre situacions en les quals apareix la incertesa. Els mètodes proposats han estat avaluats utilitzant instàncies de prova tant teòriques com de la vida real.En una economía globalizada, las compañías se enfrentan a numerosos retos asociados a las complejas tareas de logística y distribución. Gracias al desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, los clientes se encuentran en cualquier lugar del mundo, pero también los competidores. Por lo tanto, las compañías necesitan ser más competitivas, lo que implica eficiencia económica y sostenibilidad. Una estrategia que las firmas pueden seguir para ser más competitivas es la cooperación horizontal, generando así economías de escala, incremento en la utilización de recursos y reducción de costes. Muchos de estos retos en logística y transporte, así como algunas estrategias de cooperación horizontal, pueden abordarse mediante diferentes variantes del conocido problema de enrutamiento de vehículos (VRP). Pese a que el VRP ha sido ampliamente estudiado, la mayoría de los trabajos publicados corresponden a versiones simplificadas de la realidad. Para llenar este vacío entre la teoría y las aplicaciones de la vida real, recientemente ha surgido el concepto de problemas «enriquecidos» de enrutamiento de vehículos (RVRP). Por lo tanto, se necesitan nuevos métodos de solución para resolver de forma eficiente nuevos RVRP, así como para cuantificar los beneficios generados por la implementación de estrategias de cooperación horizontal en aplicaciones reales, de modo que puedan usarse como apoyo para la toma de decisiones. Para abordar tal variedad de problemas se proponen diferentes metaheurísticas basadas en aleatorización sesgada. Estos métodos se combinan con simulación (lo que se conoce como simheurísticas) para resolver situaciones en las que aparece la incertidumbre. Los métodos propuestos han sido evaluados utilizando instancias de prueba tanto teóricas como de la vida real.In a globalized economy, companies have to face different challenges related to the complexity of logistics and distribution strategies. Due to the development of information and communication technologies (ICT), customers and competitors may be located anywhere in the world. Thus, companies need to be more competitive, which entails efficiency from both an economic and a sustainability point of view. One strategy that companies can follow to become more competitive is to cooperate with other firms, a strategy known as horizontal cooperation (HC), allowing the use of economies of scale, increased resource utilization levels, and reduced costs. Many of these logistics and transport challenges, as well as certain HC strategies, may be addressed using variants of the vehicle routing problem (VRP). Even though VRP has been widely studied, the majority of research published corresponds to oversimplified versions of the reality. To fill the existing gap between the academic literature and real-life applications, the concept of rich VRPs (RVRPs) has emerged in the past few years in order to provide a closer representation of real-life situations. Accordingly, new approaches are required to solve new RVRPs efficiently and to quantify the benefits generated through the use of HC strategies in real applications. Thus, they can be used to support decision-making processes regarding different degrees of implementation of HC. Several metaheuristic methods based on biased randomization techniques are proposed. Additionally, these methods are hybridized with simulation (ie simheuristics) to tackle the presence of uncertainty. The proposed approaches are tested using a large set of theoretical and real-life benchmarks