Universal Land Registry to Support Independent Economic Development in Tanzania

A simple land property registration procedure cannot be taken for granted in Tanzania. Nevertheless, it is crucial for private investment and wealth accumulation in one of the poorest countries in the world. To improve the formal land registration procedures is currently one of the topmost items on the agenda of the Tanzania Government. To help speed up the technical implementation of an improved land registration procedure, a group of volunteers – GIS experts and students from Europe and North America – elaborated the solution design for a Universal Land Registry (ULR) application. A prototype implementation demonstrates the feasibility of the solution with Open Source Software. The solution design with use cases, data model and solution architecture is presented in this paper. Furthermore, some implementation considerations are made to support the distributed nature of the different partners involved from land use planners at national level to the individual land owner on his or her plot. In particular, different requirements related to data quality (spatial precision, completeness etc.) are considered for a viable solution in such a vast country like Tanzania. As land use and land ownership information is core information for a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), a close organizational and technical integration of the ULR with all efforts to construct a NSDI is envisaged

Modeling Services Liberalization: The Case of Tanzania

This paper employs a 52-sector, small, open-economy computable general equilibrium model of the Tanzanian economy to assess the impact of the liberalization of regulatory barriers against foreign and domestic business service providers in Tanzania. The model incorporates productivity effects in both goods and services markets endogenously, through a Dixit-Stiglitz framework. It summarizes policy notes on the key business service sectors that were prepared for this work, and estimates the ad valorem equivalent of barriers to foreign direct investment based on these policy notes and detailed questionnaires completed by specialists in Tanzania. The authors estimate that Tanzania will gain about 5.3 percent of the value of Tanzanian consumption in the medium run (or about 4.8 percent of gross domestic product) from a full reform package that also includes uniform tariffs. The estimated gains increase to about 16 percent of consumption in the long-run, steady-state model, where the impact on the accumulation of capital from an improvement in the productivity of capital is taken into account. Decomposition exercises reveal that the largest gains to Tanzania will derive from liberalization of costly regulatory barriers that are non-discriminatory in their impacts between Tanzanian and multinational service providers.accounting; accurate estimate; aged; allocation; amount of money; baseline scenario; beneficiaries; beneficiary; Breast Cancer; budget constraint; calculation; central government; child care

Democracy and human rights in Tanzania Mainland : the Bill of Rights in the context of constitutional developments and the history of institutions of governance

This thesis is an examination of human rights and constitutional development in Tanzania Mainland. The colonial and post-colonial history is used to analyse the development of human rights struggles, as well as institutions such as the Bill of Rights in the recent development of multi-party democracy. The thesis intends to establish that in spite of global factors such as pressure for democratisation from international institutions, the achievement of the Bill of Rights in Tanzania Mainland is part of a wider rights struggle of the people of Tanzania. The effective legal and political implementation of specific rights such as the right to vote, freedom of association and assembly reflect the state of that struggle. The thesis further seeks to establish that while the government sponsored the enactment of the Bill of Rights in 1984 and the re-introduction of multi-partism in 1992, it has always preferred to exercise extreme control over the enjoyment of political rights. This has often involved curtailing the establishment and free operation of institutions of popular democracy. The thesis goes on to suggest that unless a democratic culture and civil society are restored in the country, the success of the rights struggles of the people will be far-fetched. Together with the above it is argued that the struggle for rights could be enhanced by working from what is provided as legal rights, all interested parties pushing for the expansion of the human rights field. This can only be attained if the majority of Tanzanians are made aware of the existence of such rights through legal literacy programs

The right to fair compensation for land acquired for petroleum activities: a critique of law and practice in Tanzania

Compensation for land acquired for petroleum exploitation can be highly contentious. Often, the discovery of petroleum in a locality raises the landholders' expectations about the net benefit that the resources will bring their way. These expectations collide with the state's interest to exploit the discovered petroleum resources for the benefit of the whole nation. This brings to the fore the clash between the right of the landholders to their property and the right of the general public to natural resources. To resolve the clash, international human rights law requires the state to pay fair compensation for the land it acquires for petroleum projects. The main question this study asks is: to what extent is the Tanzanian petroleum legal framework for land compensation fair? To answer this question, the study draws on Rawls' theory of fairness, and analyses the jurisprudence of international human rights law, which helps to identify the elements of a fair land compensation regime in the context of petroleum projects. The study shows that, at the international level, the legal instruments and jurisprudence largely incorporate Rawls' theory of fairness by demanding that in acquiring land for petroleum projects the state must approach the landholders as equals. As such, the state must employ a participatory approach, which calls for consultation with the affected people, obtaining their consent, make decisions by consensus where possible, and considering their livelihood situations in calculating compensation. While Tanzanian petroleum laws and practices recognise the duty to give fair compensation to the people affected by petroleum activities before acquiring their lands, the study highlights numerous shortcomings in these laws and practices that prove that the land compensation scheme for petroleum projects in Tanzania fails to meet all the requirements of fairness. The study makes several key recommendations that could ensure that Tanzania fully complies with such requirements of fairness

Security of Tenure and Land Registration in Africa: Literature Review and Synthesis

In 1984, the Land Tenure Center embarked on a project to evaluate the experiences with land registration and tenure reform in Africa. The goal was to determine is African states been able to use tenure reform and land registration to provide greater security of tenure than was available through customary tenure systems. Donor agencies focused attention on the creation of individual freehold title, emphasizing the heightened security of holding, marketability, and access to credit under such tenure. National governments, on the other hand, were more concerned to see that land was used productively rather than merely accumulated for purposes of prestige or inheritance or as a hedge against inflation, and for this reason have tended to favor granting more circumscribed rights, such as leaseholds or rights of occupancy. This literature review and synthesis was prepared as part of an effort to increase very substantially our knowledge, especially on a quantitative level, of tenure and development relationships in Africa. The literature review is an attempt to gather in one place data about the diverse efforts at land registration and to describe briefly for each country the various registration programs that have taken place (if any), why they were undertaken, and what subsequent studies of these programs have found. Among other things, it will be seen that the intended benefits, and beneficiaries, of land registration have changed over the century or so since the first systems were put in place. In addition to these variations over time, there are also differences among Anglophone, Francophone, and Lusophone countries, differences that not only influenced the structure of registration systems established during the colonial era, but also continue to inform the kinds of registration systems adopted today.Land Economics/Use,

Report of judgments, advisory opinions and other decisions of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights African Court Law Report Volume 2 (2017-2018)

This is the second volume of the Report of judgments, orders and advisory opinions of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. This volume covers decisions from 2017 to 2018. The volume includes all the Judgments, including Separate and Dissenting Opinions, Advisory Opinions, Rulings, Decisions, Procedural Orders and Orders for Provisional Measures adopted by the Court during the period under review. Each case has a headnote setting out a brief summary of the case followed by keywords indicating the paragraphs of the case in which the Court discusses the issue. A subject index at the start of the reports indicates which cases discuss a particular issue. This index is divided into sections on general principles and procedure, and substantive issues.Publishe

Inferring Mechanisms for Global Constitutional Progress

Constitutions help define domestic political orders, but are known to be influenced by two international mechanisms: one that reflects global temporal trends in legal development, and another that reflects international network dynamics such as shared colonial history. We introduce the provision space; the growing set of all legal provisions existing in the world's constitutions over time. Through this we uncover a third mechanism influencing constitutional change: hierarchical dependencies between legal provisions, under which the adoption of essential, fundamental provisions precedes more advanced provisions. This third mechanism appears to play an especially important role in the emergence of new political rights, and may therefore provide a useful roadmap for advocates of those rights. We further characterise each legal provision in terms of the strength of these mechanisms

Partnerships for Sustainable Development Goals 2016

This present document is the fourth edition of a report that has been prepared by the Division for Sustainable Development of UN-DESA as a follow up the Rio+20 Conference in 2012, as an effort to provide status of progress multi-stakeholder partnerships and voluntary commitments have in realizing sustainable development. This current 2016 edition reviews a number of action networks and multi-stakeholder partnerships, with a particular focus on how they support the theme of the 2016 High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) - "Ensuring that no one is left behind". Information in the report is largely based on submissions from the Partnerships for SDGs online platform, which was originally developed following the Rio+20 Conference in 201. The platform was recently redesigned ahead of the adoption of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015

The Digitalisation of African Agriculture Report 2018-2019

An inclusive, digitally-enabled agricultural transformation could help achieve meaningful livelihood improvements for Africa’s smallholder farmers and pastoralists. It could drive greater engagement in agriculture from women and youth and create employment opportunities along the value chain. At CTA we staked a claim on this power of digitalisation to more systematically transform agriculture early on. Digitalisation, focusing on not individual ICTs but the application of these technologies to entire value chains, is a theme that cuts across all of our work. In youth entrepreneurship, we are fostering a new breed of young ICT ‘agripreneurs’. In climate-smart agriculture multiple projects provide information that can help towards building resilience for smallholder farmers. And in women empowerment we are supporting digital platforms to drive greater inclusion for women entrepreneurs in agricultural value chains