60,875 research outputs found
Universal Codes from Switching Strategies
We discuss algorithms for combining sequential prediction strategies, a task
which can be viewed as a natural generalisation of the concept of universal
coding. We describe a graphical language based on Hidden Markov Models for
defining prediction strategies, and we provide both existing and new models as
examples. The models include efficient, parameterless models for switching
between the input strategies over time, including a model for the case where
switches tend to occur in clusters, and finally a new model for the scenario
where the prediction strategies have a known relationship, and where jumps are
typically between strongly related ones. This last model is relevant for coding
time series data where parameter drift is expected. As theoretical ontributions
we introduce an interpolation construction that is useful in the development
and analysis of new algorithms, and we establish a new sophisticated lemma for
analysing the individual sequence regret of parameterised models
A Pedagogical Evaluation of Intra-Sentential Code-Switching Patterns in L2 Classroom Talk
The paper is concerned with teachers' and students' alternation between L1 and L2 within the same utterance, i.e. uses of intra-sentential code-switching which in classroom discourse tends to be less accepted by modern language pedagogy than its inter-sentential counterpart. The rationale for the study is the universal nature of the phenomenon known to occur in the first place in interactions among natural bilinguals and multilinguals. The data analysis sections of the article review eight different patterns which are evaluated pedagogically. It transpires that the category most likely to arouse methodological controversy is code-mixing
THE PATTERNS OF CODE SWITCHING IN TEACHING AND LEARNING KITAB KUNING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO THE JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE
Alih kode dapat terjadi pada unit keluarga, kelompok sosial, juga dalam
pengajaran/pembelajaran di kelas. Tulisan ini mendeskripsikan pola alih kode pada
pengajaran kitab kuning yang dalam prakteknya, setidaknya terdapat tiga kode bahasa
digunakan secara bergantian, yaitu bahasa Arab, bahasa Jawa ragam lawas dan yang
umum dipakai, serta bahasa Indonesia. Kitab kuning lazim digunakan di lingkungan
pesantren, madrasah dan sekolah berbasis Islam, khususnya di Jawa. Pola pemakaian
bahasa dalam pengajaran kitab kuning ini menarik untuk dikaji. Pengajaran ini
mengandung implikasi positif terhadap pemertahanan bahasa Jawa, khususnya pada ragam
lawas. Ragam tersebut mendapat ruang untuk tetap hidup melalui pengajaran kitab kuning
LANGUAGE CHOICE IN CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING APPROACH, A CASE OF STUDY IN SOCIOLINGUISTICS REFERS TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING MULTIPLE-LANGUAGE IN TEACHING METHODS
This study planned to undertaken in public which prescribes English as the medium of
instruction for all courses taught. However, it has been observed that this policy has notbeen fully adhered to. Code-switching (CS) and code-mixing (CM) of English and any other
language occur extensively in the speakers’ speech in the classroom. This paper attempts to
highlight the frequency of this communicative behavior, and both the instructors’ andstudents’ attitudes towards it. Using self completed questionnaires and interviews asmethods of data collection.
For example it reveals that instructors frequently code-switched and code-mixed
between the two languages in the classroom. The analysis shows that the occurrence of these
phenomena was related to the instructors’, as well as the students’ own linguisticcompetence, and the purpose of facilitating effective teaching and learning. There is,however, mixed attitudes towards CS/CM. While both instructors and students agreed thatCS/CM can promote better understanding, the latter, however, students with better Englishproficiency felt that such communicative behavior can be off-putting as it does not help inimproving their linguistic competence in English. The paper, thus, raises some legitimate
concerns of the conflict between the policy and its actual implementation, which certainlyhas some implications on language development, teacher education and policy assessment
LANGUAGE CHOICE IN MULTINGUAL COMMUNITIES
This article describe about language varieties in multilingual communities in the norm
context . The paper are contains: (1) Introduction (2) Speech Community and Linguistic
Repertoire (3) Domain of Language Use (4) Diglossia (5) Polyglossia (7) Code Mixing (8)
Code Switching (9) Conclusion. The writer want to explain about varieties of language in
daily conversation
Dynamical Generation of Noiseless Quantum Subsystems
We present control schemes for open quantum systems that combine decoupling
and universal control methods with coding procedures. By exploiting a general
algebraic approach, we show how appropriate encodings of quantum states result
in obtaining universal control over dynamically-generated noise-protected
subsystems with limited control resources. In particular, we provide an
efficient scheme for performing universal encoded quantum computation in a wide
class of systems subjected to linear non-Markovian quantum noise and supporting
Heisenberg-type internal Hamiltonians.Comment: 4 pages, no figures; REVTeX styl
JAVANESE AFFECTIVE WORDS IN TERM OF ADDRESS
One of language functions is to express someone’s feeling to others. This accomodates good
and bad condition experienced when people are interacting with others. Good experiencesare usually represented by acceptable expression in all situation and people. On the otherhand, people also sometimes have to deal with condition in which they do not feel happy
with. Language, then, is used to accomodate that bad experience in the form of usingdeictical expression, especially person deixis. Then, this deixis is classified as one type ofharse languages and apperars in the use of addressee system in language. Harse languageexpressing addressee system in Javanese language is practiced in daily life and in various
scales of usage. The use and form of this addressee system differ from the standard one. Atleast, there are seven representations of addressee system in harse language, namelyreplacing person’s name by animal, by kind of occupation, by mentioning abnormal part ofbody, by words expressing retarded menta, by using racis or classis words, and by spiritualcreature. These addressee systems also indicate social functions. There are four functions ofaddressee, they are indicating respect to someone being addressed, showing solidarity
among members of community, expressing inconvenient feelings, and insulting otherpersons
Universal Behavior in Large-scale Aggregation of Independent Noisy Observations
Aggregation of noisy observations involves a difficult tradeoff between
observation quality, which can be increased by increasing the number of
observations, and aggregation quality which decreases if the number of
observations is too large. We clarify this behavior for a protypical system in
which arbitrarily large numbers of observations exceeding the system capacity
can be aggregated using lossy data compression. We show the existence of a
scaling relation between the collective error and the system capacity, and show
that large scale lossy aggregation can outperform lossless aggregation above a
critical level of observation noise. Further, we show that universal results
for scaling and critical value of noise which are independent of system
capacity can be obtained by considering asymptotic behavior when the system
capacity increases toward infinity.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure
PRESERVING AND PROTECTING JAVANESE LANGUAGES BY APPLYING CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING IN TEACHING ENGLISH IN CLASSROOM ( SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE ASSIGNMENT OF PRAGMATICS)
Javanese languages are a part of Indigenous languages. They are one of culture’s heritages
which Javanese people should preserve and protect them in this globalization era. Javanese
languages are considered as the cornerstone of culture and the ultimate expression which
Javanese people should know that by using them, culture can be shared and transmitted to
further generations to express their identities. However, in the real fact, many indigenous
languages in this world are almost extinct, and even, Javanese languages almost disappear
at this time in some areas and places. It is crystal clear that there is no special caution from
other Javanese people, especially government, in trying to preserve them. Not only
government, but also the parents and the elders should take part in this case. Javanese
languages should be passed on from generation to the other. Even, it is not strange when the
parental generation speaks the Javanese language, they do not often pass it on to their
children. Therefore, in an increasing number of cases, Javanese languages are used only by
elders.
Actually, the loss of some Javanese languages can be caused by some factors, such as
irresistible social, political, and economic pressures. In this matter, the relationship and the
cooperation between a language planning, language policy, language rights and language
education are needed to prevent this phenomena. They are used as vehicles for promoting
and perpetuating the vitality, versatility, and stability of Javanese languages.
Creating and arranging a better language planning and a better language policy are
important to do in Indonesia right now to protect Indonesian language and Indigenous
languages, especially Javanese languages. It is, of course, also supported by developing and
paying attention to the language rights. Moreover, focusing on language in education for
children and young people is a best way to start preserving Javanese languages. Including
Javanese children and youth in this discussion on language and education is befitting and
appropriate. It needs to know that education in classroom and school areas have also the
potential of saving and reviving Javanese languages which are at the brink of extinction.
The non-recognition and the prohibition of the use of Javanese languages in the education
and work place has impacted the lives of many Javanese people, it has affected them from
childhood to adulthood, in the creation of their identity and development of their
communities. Education world, in classroom and school areas, which was used as an
instrument of assimilation of some languages in Indonesia, especially in Central Java, has
impacted in the Javanese languages. Therefore, applying code switching and code mixing in
teaching English in classroom should be offered to Javanese people, but also to all students
who stay in Java island, as a means of combating prejudices and discrimination and
promoting inclusive and respectful societies, is better step to do.
However, in order to make it real, the cooperation and the seriousness of government,
Javanese people, parents, elders, teachers, and even lecturers must be created in Indonesia,
especially in Central Java. It is better for government to make a decision explicitly in
keeping and preserving Javanese languages from the extinction through teaching activities
in classroom and school areas as the basic formal activity.
Keywords : Code mixing, code switching, indigenous languages, Javanes
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