44,314 research outputs found
Termination of rewriting strategies: a generic approach
We propose a generic termination proof method for rewriting under strategies,
based on an explicit induction on the termination property. Rewriting trees on
ground terms are modeled by proof trees, generated by alternatively applying
narrowing and abstracting steps. The induction principle is applied through the
abstraction mechanism, where terms are replaced by variables representing any
of their normal forms. The induction ordering is not given a priori, but
defined with ordering constraints, incrementally set during the proof.
Abstraction constraints can be used to control the narrowing mechanism, well
known to easily diverge. The generic method is then instantiated for the
innermost, outermost and local strategies.Comment: 49 page
When can we kick (some) humans “out of the loop”? An examination of the use of ai in medical imaging for lumbar spinal stenosis
Artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted an increasing amount of attention, both positive and negative. Its potential applications in healthcare are indeed manifold and revolutionary, and within the realm of medical imaging and radiology (which will be the focus of this paper), significant increases in accuracy and speed, as well as significant savings in cost, stand to be gained through the adoption of this technology. Because of its novelty, a norm of keeping humans “in the loop” wherever AI mechanisms are deployed has become synonymous with good ethical practice in some circles. It has been argued that keeping humans “in the loop” is important for reasons of safety, accountability, and the maintenance of institutional trust. However, as the application of machine learning for the detection of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) in this paper’s case study reveals, there are some scenarios where an insistence on keeping humans in the loop (or in other words, the resistance to automation) seems unwarranted and could possibly lead us to miss out on very real and important opportunities in healthcare—particularly in low-resource settings. It is important to acknowledge these opportunity costs of resisting automation in such contexts, where better options may be unavailable. Using an AI model based on convolutional neural networks developed by a team of researchers at NUH/NUS medical school in Singapore for automated detection and classification of the lumbar spinal canal, lateral recess, and neural foraminal narrowing in an MRI scan of the spine to diagnose LSS, we will aim to demonstrate that where certain criteria hold (e.g., the AI is as accurate or better than human experts, risks are low in the event of an error, the gain in wellbeing is significant, and the task being automated is not essentially or importantly human), it is both morally permissible and even desirable to kick the humans out of the loop
Self-quenching of fundamental phase and amplitude noise in semiconductor lasers with dispersive loss
We show theoretically that the incorporation of a frequency-dependent loss mechanism in a semiconductor laser can lead, in concert with the amplitude-to-phase coupling, to major reductions of the fundamental intensity and phase noise. A loss dispersion of the wrong sign, on the other hand, leads to an increase of the noise and, at a certain strength, to instability
The steady state quantum statistics of a non-Markovian atom laser
We present a fully quantum mechanical treatment of a single-mode atomic
cavity with a pumping mechanism and an output coupling to a continuum of
external modes. This system is a schematic description of an atom laser. In the
dilute limit where atom-atom interactions are negligible, we have been able to
solve this model without making the Born and Markov approximations. When
coupling into free space, it is shown that for reasonable parameters there is a
bound state which does not disperse, which means that there is no steady state.
This bound state does not exist when gravity is included, and in that case the
system reaches a steady state. We develop equations of motion for the two-time
correlation in the presence of pumping and gravity in the output modes. We then
calculate the steady-state output energy flux from the laser.Comment: 14 pages (twocloumn), 6 figure
Beyond Strong Coupling in a Massively Multimode Cavity
The study of light-matter interaction has seen a resurgence in recent years,
stimulated by highly controllable, precise, and modular experiments in cavity
quantum electrodynamics (QED). The achievement of strong coupling, where the
coupling between a single atom and fundamental cavity mode exceeds the decay
rates, was a major milestone that opened the doors to a multitude of new
investigations. Here we introduce multimode strong coupling (MMSC), where the
coupling is comparable to the free spectral range (FSR) of the cavity, i.e. the
rate at which a qubit can absorb a photon from the cavity is comparable to the
round trip transit rate of a photon in the cavity. We realize, via the circuit
QED architecture, the first experiment accessing the MMSC regime, and report
remarkably widespread and structured resonance fluorescence, whose origin
extends beyond cavity enhancement of sidebands. Our results capture complex
multimode, multiphoton processes, and the emergence of ultranarrow linewidths.
Beyond the novel phenomena presented here, MMSC opens a major new direction in
the exploration of light-matter interactions.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures. References added, typos correcte
Model of the optical emission of a driven semiconductor quantum dot: phonon-enhanced coherent scattering and off-resonant sideband narrowing
We study the crucial role played by the solid-state environment in
determining the photon emission characteristics of a driven quantum dot. For
resonant driving, we predict a phonon-enhancement of the coherently emitted
radiation field with increasing driving strength, in stark contrast to the
conventional expectation of a rapidly decreasing fraction of coherent emission
with stronger driving. This surprising behaviour results from thermalisation of
the dot with respect to the phonon bath, and leads to a nonstandard regime of
resonance fluorescence in which significant coherent scattering and the Mollow
triplet coexist. Off-resonance, we show that despite the phonon influence,
narrowing of dot spectral sideband widths can occur in certain regimes,
consistent with an experimental trend.Comment: Published version. 5 pages, 2 figures, plus 4 page supplement. Title
changed, figure 1 revised, various edits and additions to the tex
Suppression of Zeeman gradients by nuclear polarization in double quantum dots
We use electric dipole spin resonance to measure dynamic nuclear polarization
in InAs nanowire quantum dots. The resonance shifts in frequency when the
system transitions between metastable high and low current states, indicating
the presence of nuclear polarization. We propose that the low and the high
current states correspond to different total Zeeman energy gradients between
the two quantum dots. In the low current state, dynamic nuclear polarization
efficiently compensates the Zeeman gradient due to the -factor mismatch,
resulting in a suppressed total Zeeman gradient. We present a theoretical model
of electron-nuclear feedback that demonstrates a fixed point in nuclear
polarization for nearly equal Zeeman splittings in the two dots and predicts a
narrowed hyperfine gradient distribution
Superconductivity-Induced Transfer of In-Plane Spectral Weight in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8: Resolving a Controversy
We present a detailed analysis of the superconductivity-induced
redistribution of optical spectral weight in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 near optimal doping.
It confirms the previous conclusion by Molegraaf et al. (Science 66, 2239
(2002)), that the integrated low-frequency spectral weight shows an extra
increase below Tc. Since the region, where the change of the integrated
spectral weight is not compensated, extends well above 2.5 eV, this transfer is
caused by the transfer of spectral weight from interband to intraband region
and only partially by the narrowing of the intraband peak. We show that the
opposite assertion by Boris et al. (Science 304, 708 (2004)) regarding this
compound, is unlikely the consequence of any obvious discrepancies between the
actual experimental data.Comment: ReVTeX, 9 pages, 8 encapsulated postscript figures, several typo's
correcte
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