Audiovisual economics: Audiovisual markets in the European Union

Focusing on economic aspects of audiovisual industries, this article analyses some of the key EU policy initiatives affecting the sector –the AVMS Directive; the MEDIA Programme; competition and state aid for PSB; and also media ownership and pluralism– in the context of changing technologies and changing markets in Europe. It is notable that the policy ambitions surrounding audiovisual media are varied and do not always pull in the same direction. This article examines the threats and opportunities caused by digitisation and new value chain configurations but argues that conflicting agendas remain a substantive challenge for policy-making at EU lev

Enforcing network policy in heterogeneous network function box environment

Data center operators deploy a variety of both physical and virtual network functions boxes (NFBs) to take advantages of inherent efficiency offered by physical NFBs with the agility and flexibility of virtual ones. However, such heterogeneity faces great challenges in correct, efficient and dynamic network policy implementation because, firstly, existing schemes are limited to exclusively physical or virtual NFBs and not a mix, and secondly, NFBs can co-exist at various locations in the network as a result of emerging technologies such as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV). In this paper, we propose a Heterogeneous netwOrk pOlicy enforCement scheme (HOOC) to overcome these challenges. We first formulate and model HOOC, which is shown be to NP-Hard by reducing from the Multiple Knapsack Problem (MKP). We then propose an efficient online algorithm that can achieve optimal latency-wise NF service chaining amongst heterogenous NFBs. In addition, we also provide a greedy algorithm when operators prefer smaller run-time than optimality. Our simulation results show that HOOC is efficient and scalable whilst testbed implementation demonstrates that HOOC can be easily deployed in the data center environments

Why has productivity growth stagnated in most Latin-American countries since the neo-liberal reforms?

Latin America’s economic performance since the beginning of neo-liberal reforms has been poor; this not only contrasts with its own performance pre-1980, but also with what has happened in Asia since 1980. I shall argue that the weakness of the region’s new paradigm is rooted as much in its intrinsic flaws as in the particular way it has been implemented. Latin America’s economic reforms were undertaken primarily as a result of the perceived economic weaknesses of the region — i.e., there was an attitude of ‘throwing in the towel’ vis-à-vis the previous state-led import substituting industrialisation strategy, because most politicians and economists interpreted the 1982 debt crisis as conclusive evidence that it had led the region into a cul-de-sac. As Hirschman has argued, policymaking has a strong component of ‘path-dependency’; as a result, people often stick with policies after they have achieved their aims, and those policies have become counterproductive. This leads to such frustration and disappointment with existing policies and institutions that is not uncommon to experience a ‘rebound effect’. An extreme example of this phenomenon is post-1982 Latin America, where the core of the discourse of the economic reforms that followed ended up simply emphasising the need to reverse as many aspects of the previous development (and political) strategies as possible. This helps to explain the peculiar set of priorities, the rigidity and the messianic attitude with which the reforms were implemented in Latin America, as well as their poor outcome. Something very different happened in Asia, where economic reforms were often intended (rightly or wrongly) as a more targeted and pragmatic mechanism to overcome specific economic and financial constraints. Instead of implementing reforms as a mechanism to reverse existing industrialisation strategies, in Asia they were put into practice in order to continue and strengthen ambitious processes of industrialisation

Shortest Path Queries in Very Large Spatial Databases

Finding the shortest paths in a graph has been studied for a long time, and there are many main memory based algorithms dealing with this problem. Among these, Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm is one of the most commonly used efficient algorithms to the non-negative graphs. Even more efficient algorithms have been developed recently for graphs with particular properties such as the weights of edges fall into a range of integer. All of the mentioned algorithms require the graph totally reside in the main memory. Howevery, for very large graphs, such as the digital maps managed by Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the requirement cannot be satisfied in most cases, so the algorithms mentioned above are not appropriate. My objective in this thesis is to design and evaluate the performance of external memory (disk-based) shortest path algorithms and data structures to solve the shortest path problem in very large digital maps. In particular the following questions are studied:What have other researchers done on the shortest path queries in very large digital maps?What could be improved on the previous works? How efficient are our new shortest paths algorithms on the digital maps, and what factors affect the efficiency? What can be done based on the algorithm? In this thesis, we give a disk-based Dijkstra's-like algorithm to answer shortest path queries based on pre-processing information. Experiments based on our Java implementation are given to show what factors affect the running time of our algorithms